Zviumbwa zvesimbi zvave chikamu chakakosha chebudiriro yevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore, zvichishanduka kubva pakugadzira zviumbwa zviri nyore kusvika pakugadzira zvinhu zvepamusoro zvinoshandisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vazhinji vachiziva zviumbwa zvesimbi zvemumba zvakaita semaplate nemavase, zviumbwa zvesimbi zvemumaindasitiri zvinoita mabasa akakosha zvakaenzana muindasitiri yendege, zvemagetsi, uye zvekurapa. Kunyangwe vaine zita rimwe chete, mapoka maviri aya anomiririra mapazi akasiyana esainzi yezvinhu zvine maumbirwo akasiyana, hunhu, uye mashandisirwo akasiyana.
Kusiyana Kukuru Muzvinhu zveCeramic
Pakutanga, kapu yetii yeporcelain nebanga returbine zvingaita sezvisina hukama kunze kwekunge zvarongwa neceramic. Kusawirirana uku kunobva mukusiyana kukuru kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye maitiro ekugadzira. Zviumbwa zvemumba—zvinowanzonzi "general ceramics" mumashoko eindasitiri—zvinovimba nemidziyo yevhu yechinyakare. Misanganiswa iyi inowanzo sanganisa ivhu (30-50%), feldspar (25-40%), uye quartz (20-30%) muhuwandu hwakanyatsoongororwa. Iyi fomura yakaedzwa uye yechokwadi yakaramba isina kuchinja kwemazana emakore, ichipa chiyero chakanaka chekushanda, simba, uye kugona kwekunaka.
Kusiyana neizvi, zviumbwa zvemaindasitiri—kunyanya “zviumbwa zvemaindasitiri”—zvinomiririra hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekugadzira zvinhu. Mafomu aya epamusoro anotsiva ivhu rechinyakare nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvine hutsanana hwakanyanya senge alumina (Al₂O₃), zirconia (ZrO₂), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), uye silicon carbide (SiC). Sekureva kweAmerican Ceramic Society, zviumbwa izvi zvemaindasitiri zvinogona kutsungirira tembiricha dzinopfuura 1,600°C uku zvichichengetedza hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika—chinhu chakakosha munzvimbo dzakaoma kubva kumainjini ejeti kusvika pakugadzira semiconductor.
Kusiyana kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunonyanya kuoneka panguva yekugadzira. Zviumbwa zvesimbi zvemumba zvinotevedzera nzira dzekare: kugadzira nemaoko kana chakuvhuvhu, kuomesa nemhepo, uye kupisa kamwe chete patembiricha iri pakati pe1,000-1,300°C. Maitiro aya anonyanya kukosha pakushandisa mari uye kushanduka-shanduka kwerunako, zvichibvumira magirazi anopenya uye magadzirirwo akaomarara anokosheswa mukushongedza dzimba nemidziyo yetafura.
Zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri zvinoda kunyatsorongeka. Kugadzirwa kwazvo kunosanganisira maitiro epamusoro akadai sekudzvanya kwe isostatic kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwakaenzana uye kupisa kwakafanana muzvitofu zvemhepo inodzorwa. Matanho aya anobvisa zvikanganiso zvidiki-diki zvinogona kukanganisa mashandiro azvo mukushandiswa kwakakosha. Mugumisiro wacho chinhu chine simba rekuchinjika rinodarika 1,000 MPa—kufanana nedzimwe simbi—ukuwo chichiramba chichidzivirira ngura zvakanyanya uye chichigadzikana pakupisa.
Kuenzanisa Zvivakwa: Kupfuura Kusiyana Kwepamusoro
Kusiyana kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunoshandura zvakananga hunhu hwekushanda. Zviumbwa zvesimbi zvemumba zvinobudirira mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kwemitengo yakaderera, kushanda, uye kugona kushongedza. Kuboora kwazvo, kunowanzova 5-15%, kunoita kuti magirazi akwanise kunyudzwa izvo zvinoita kuti nzvimbo dzishande zvakanaka uye dzifadze. Kunyange zvazvo dzakasimba zvakakwana kushandiswa zuva nezuva, miganhu yadzo yemuchina inoonekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara - kuchinja kwekushisa kamwe kamwe kunogona kukonzera kutsemuka, uye kukanganisa kukuru kunowanzo konzera kutsemuka.
Kusiyana neizvi, zviumbwa zvemaindasitiri zvakagadzirwa kuti zvikunde zvipingamupinyi izvi. Zviumbwa zvemaZirconia zvinoratidza kusimba kwekutyoka kunodarika 10 MPa·m½—zvakapetwa kakawanda pane zvezviumbwa zvechinyakare—zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kushandiswa muzvikamu zvechivakwa munzvimbo dzinoda simba. Silicon nitride inoratidza kusasimba kwakanyanya kwekupisa, ichichengetedza kusimba kwayo kunyangwe kana ikasangana nekuchinja kukuru kwekupisa kwe800°C kana kupfuura. Hunhu uhwu hunotsanangura kukura kwahwo mukushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro kubva kuzvikamu zveinjini yemotokari kusvika kuzvigadzirwa zvekurapa.
Hunhu hwemagetsi hunosiyanisa mamwe mapoka. Zviumbwa zvesimbi zvemumba zvinoshanda sezvinodzivirira simba, uye zviumbwa zvesimbi zvinowanzova pakati pe6-10. Hunhu uhwu hunozviita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakushandiswa kwemagetsi senge makapu ekudzivirira simba kana mabhesi emwenje ekushongedza. Kusiyana neizvi, zviumbwa zvesimbi zvemumaindasitiri zvine hunhu hwemagetsi hwakagadzirirwa iwe - kubva kune zviumbwa zvesimbi zvesimbi (10,000+) zvebarium titanate zvinoshandiswa muma capacitors kusvika kune semiconducting behavior yedoped silicon carbide mumagetsi emagetsi.
Kugona kudzora kupisa kunomiririra chimwe chinhu chakakosha. Kunyange hazvo ceramic dzemumba dzichidzivirira kupisa kwakakodzera ovenware, ceramic dzepamusoro dzakadai sealuminium nitride (AlN) dzinopa kupisa kunodarika 200 W/(m·K)—kusvika kune dzimwe simbi. Izvi zvakaita kuti dzive dzinokosha pakurongedza kwemagetsi, uko kupisa kunoshanda zvakanaka kunokanganisa zvakananga mashandiro emudziyo uye kuvimbika kwawo.
Mashandisirwo Mumaindasitiri Ese: Kubva Kukicheni Kuenda KuCosmos
Hunhu hwakasiyana hwemhando idzi dzeceramic hunoita kuti pave nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekushandisa. Zviumbwa zveceramic zvemumba zvinoramba zvichitonga nharaunda dzemumba kuburikidza nezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvezvigadzirwa: ndiro dzetafura (ndiro, ndiro, makapu), zvinhu zvekushongedza (mavhasi, zvidhori, mifananidzo yemadziro), uye zvigadzirwa zvekushandisa (mataira, midziyo yekubikira, midziyo yekuchengetera). Sekureva kweStatista, musika wepasi rose wezviumbwa zveceramic zvemumba wakasvika mabhiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi matatu nematatu emadhora muna 2023, zvichikonzerwa nekudiwa kwakasimba kwezvigadzirwa zveceramic zvinoshanda uye zvinoyevedza.
Kuchinja-chinja kwezviumbwa zvepurasitiki zvemumba kunonyanya kuoneka mukushandiswa kwazvo kwekushongedza. Matekiniki emazuva ano ekugadzira anobatanidza hunyanzvi hwechinyakare nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira hwemazuva ano, zvichikonzera zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva kuzvinwiwa zvetafura zvakafuridzirwa neScandinavia kusvika kuzvinhu zveunyanzvi zvakapendwa nemaoko. Kuchinjika uku kwakabvumira vagadziri vezviumbwa zvepurasitiki kuti varambe vachishanda mumusika wezvinhu zvemumba uri kuramba uchikwikwidzana.
Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvemaindasitiri, kana tichienzanisa, zvinoshanda zvisingaonekwe nevanhu vakawanda uku zvichigonesa mamwe matekinoroji epamusoro-soro emazuva ano. Chikamu chemuchadenga chinomiririra chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kudiwa, uko zvikamu zvesilicon nitride nesilicon carbide zvinoderedza huremu uku zvichitsungirira kupisa kwakanyanya mumainjini eturbine. GE Aviation inoshuma kuti ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) muinjini yavo yeLEAP inoderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta ne15% zvichienzaniswa nezvikamu zvesimbi zvechinyakare.
Indasitiri yemotokari yakagamuchirawo zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvemhando yepamusoro. Zvishandiso zveokisijeni zveZirconia zvinogonesa kudzora musanganiswa wemafuta nemhepo chaiyo mumainjini emazuva ano, nepo zvidziviriro zvealumina zvinodzivirira masisitimu emagetsi kubva pakupisa nekudengenyeka. Mota dzemagetsi, kunyanya, dzinobatsirwa nezvinhu zvesimbi—kubva kune zvinhu zvesimbi zvealumina muzvigadziriso zvemagetsi kusvika kune zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvesilicon carbide zvinovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba uye kumhanya kwekuchaja.
Kugadzira semiconductors kunomiririra imwe nzvimbo yekukura kwezvigadzirwa zveceramics zvemaindasitiri. Zvikamu zve alumina nealuminium nitride zvine pureness yakanyanya zvinopa kuchena kwakanyanya uye manejimendi yekupisa inodiwa mukuita kwe photolithography ne etching. Sezvo vagadziri vema chips vachisundira kuma nodes madiki uye simba rakawanda, kudiwa kwezvinhu zve ceramic zvemhando yepamusoro kuri kuramba kuchikwira.
Mashandisirwo ekurapa angangove ari mashandisirwo matsva ezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvemhando yepamusoro. Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zveZirconia nealumina zvinopa mukana wekushanda pamwe chete nehunhu hwemuchina hunosvika pamapfupa echisikigo. Musika wepasi rose wezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvekurapa unotarisirwa kusvika mabhiriyoni emadhora gumi nematatu nehafu ($13.2 bhiriyoni) panosvika gore ra2027, zvichienderana neGrand View Research, zvichikonzerwa nekukwegura kwevanhu uye kufambira mberi mukurapa kwemapfupa nemazino.
Kubatana Kwetekinoroji uye Maitiro Eramangwana
Pasinei nekusiyana kwadzo, zviumbwa zvesimbi zvemumba nezvemaindasitiri zviri kuwedzera kubatsirwa nekugadzirwa kwematekinoroji akasiyana. Nzira dzekugadzira dzepamusoro dzakagadzirwa dzezviumbwa zvesimbi dzesimbi dziri kuwana nzira yekupinda muzvigadzirwa zvemumba zvepamusoro. Semuenzaniso, kudhinda kwe3D kunobvumira zviumbwa zvesimbi zvesimbi zvakagadzirwa nesimbi zvine majometri akaomarara kare aisakwanisika nenzira dzechinyakare.
Kusiyana neizvi, runako rwezvinhu zvesimbi zvemumba zvinopesvedzera magadzirirwo emaindasitiri. Magetsi emagetsi anoshandiswa nevatengi anowedzera kushandisa zvinhu zvesimbi kwete chete nekuda kwehunhu hwazvo hwehunyanzvi asiwo nekuda kwechitarisiko chazvo chepamusoro-soro. Vagadziri vema smartwatch vakaita seApple neSamsung vanoshandisa zirconia ceramics pamakesi ewachi, vachishandisa simba rekudzivirira kukwenya uye chitarisiko chakasiyana chechinhu ichi kusiyanisa mamodheru emhando yepamusoro.
Kunetseka nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kuri kukurudzira hunyanzvi muzvikamu zvese zviri zviviri. Kugadzirwa kweceramic yechinyakare kunoshandisa simba rakawanda, zvichiita kuti pave netsvakurudzo mukuita kwekupisa kunopisa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Vagadziri veceramic vemaindasitiri vari kutsvaga hupfu hweceramic hwakadzokororwa, ukuwo vagadziri vedzimba vachigadzira magirazi anoora uye nguva dzekupfura dzinoshanda zvakanaka.
Zvisinei, zvinhu zvinonakidza zvikuru zviri mukufambira mberi kwezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvesimbi. Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvesimbi zvakagadziriswa zvinovimbisa simba guru uye kusimba, nepo zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvesimbi zvesimbi (CMCs) zvichibatanidza fiber dzesimbi nemidziyo yesimbi yesimbi kuti zvishandiswe kare muzvinhu zvinogadzirwa nesimbi dzesimbi. Izvi zvitsva zvichawedzera miganhu yezvinogona kuitwa nezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvesimbi - kubva kuzvinhu zvesimbi zvesimbi zvesimbi kusvika kuzvinhu zvinochengetedza simba zvechizvarwa chinotevera.
Sezvatinokoshesa runako rwevhasi receramic rakagadzirwa nemaoko kana mashandiro emidziyo yedu yekudya, zvakakosha kuziva nyika yakafanana yeceramics yepamusoro inogonesa tekinoroji yemazuva ano. Matavi maviri aya echinhu chekare anoramba achichinja ega asi anoramba akabatana nehunhu hwawo hweceramic - zvichiratidza kuti kunyangwe zvinhu zvekare zvinogona kutungamira hunyanzvi hutsva.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-31-2025