Precision Machining inzira yekubvisa zvinhu kubva kune yekushandira panguva yekubata zvakaperera shiviriro. Iyo chaiyo muchina ine mhando zhinji, kusanganisira yekugaya, kutendeuka uye magetsi ekubuditsa machining. Muchina wechokwadi nhasi unowanzo kudzorwa uchishandisa Computer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Anenge zvese zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvinoshandisa chaiyo machining, sezvinoita zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaita sepurasitiki nehuni. Iyi michina inoshandiswa nehunyanzvi uye akadzidziswa machinist. Kuti turusi rekucheka riite basa rayo, rinofanirwa kufambiswa munzira dzakatarwa kuti richeke chaiko. Iyi yekutanga yekufambisa inonzi "yekumhanyisa kumhanya." Iyo yekushandira inogona zvakare kufambiswa, inozivikanwa seyechipiri kufamba kwe "feed." Pamwe chete, kufamba uku uye kupinza kwechombo chekucheka chinotendera iwo muchina wekushandisa kuti ushande.
Kugadziriswa kwemhando yepamusoro kunoda kugona kutevedzera zvakanyatsojeka mapurani akagadzirwa neCAD (makomputa akabatsirwa dhizaini) kana CAM (makomputa anobatsira kugadzira) zvirongwa zvakaita seAutoCAD neTurboCAD. Iyo software inogona kubatsira kuburitsa yakaoma, matatu-mativi madhimoni kana marongero anodikanwa kuitira kugadzira chishandiso, muchina kana chinhu. Aya mapurani anofanirwa kutevedzwa nehukuru hwakadzama kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chinochengetedza huchokwadi. Kunyange makambani ekugadzirisa akanyanya achishanda neimwe nzira yezvirongwa zveCAD / CAM, ivo vachiri kushanda kazhinji nemaoko akadhirowewa nemaoko muzvikamu zvekutanga zvekugadzirwa.
Precision machining inoshandiswa pane zvakawanda zvinhu zvinosanganisira simbi, bronze, graphite, girazi uye mapurasitiki kutumidza mashoma. Zvichienderana nesaizi yeprojekti uye nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, akasiyana maturusi ekugadzirisa mashandisirwo anozoshandiswa. Chero kusanganiswa kwematanda, michina yekugaya, michina yekuboora, masaha uye zvinokuya, uye kunyange marobhoti anomhanya kwazvo anogona kushandiswa. Iyo indasitiri yemuchadenga ingashandise yakakwira velocity machining, nepo huni-yekugadzira indasitiri indasitiri ingangoshandisa mafoto-makemikari etching uye yekugaya maitiro. Kumhanyisa kunze kwekumhanya, kana huwandu chaihwo hwechimwe chinhu chakatarwa, kunogona kuverenga muzviuru, kana kungova vashoma. Kugadzira machining kazhinji kunoda kuronga kweCCC zvishandiso zvinoreva kuti iwo makomputa manhamba anodzorwa. Iyo CNC chishandiso inobvumidza chaiwo madhijitari kuteverwa mukati mekumhanya kwechigadzirwa.
Kugaya ndiyo michina yekushandisa vatenderi vematombo kubvisa zvinhu kubva kune yekushandira nekusimudzira (kana kufudza) iyo yekucheka mune yekushandira pane imwe nzira. Iyo yekucheka inogona zvakare kubatwa pakona ichienderana neiyo axis yechishandiso. Kugaya kunovhara akasiyana siyana mashandiro akasiyana uye michina, pachikero kubva kune zvidiki zvikamu kusvika kune hombe, rinorema-basa gang milling mashandiro. Iyo ndeimwe yeanowanzo shandiswa maitiro ekugadzirisa machira echikamu kunyatso tsungirira.
Kugaya kunogona kuitwa nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemuchina maturusi. Kirasi yepakutanga yemashini maturusi ekugaya yaive muchina wekugaya (unowanzonzi chigayo). Mushure mekuuya kwemakomputa manhamba ekudzora (CNC), yekugaya michina yakashanduka ikava machining nzvimbo: yekugaya michina yakawedzerwa ne otomatiki chishandiso chevashandisi, chishandiso magazini kana carousels, CNC kugona, kutonhora masisitimu, uye maburi. Milling nzvimbo vari kazhinji Classified sezvo wehunyambiri machine nzvimbo (VMCs) kana chinjikira machine nzvimbo (HMCs).
Iko kubatanidzwa kwekugaya kuita nzvimbo dzekushanduka, uye zvinopesana, zvakatanga neine live tooling kune lathes uye nekushandisa dzimwe nguva zvigayo zvekushandura mashandiro. Izvi zvakatungamira kukirasi nyowani yemuchina maturusi, multitasking michina (MTMs), ayo anoitirwa-chinangwa kuita kuti kugaya uye kutendeukira mukati meiyo imwe envelopu yebasa.
Kune ekugadzira mainjiniya, maR & D zvikwata, uye vagadziri vanoenderana nechikamu chekutsvagisa, chaiyo CNC machining inobvumidza kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakaoma pasina kumwe kugadzirisa. Muchokwadi, kunyatso cnc CNC machining kazhinji inoita kuti zvikwanisike kuti zvikamu zvakapedzwa zviitwe pane imwechete mushini.
Iyo machining maitiro inobvisa zvinhu uye inoshandisa akasiyana siyana ekucheka maturusi ekugadzira iyo yekupedzisira, uye kazhinji yakaoma kwazvo, dhizaini yechikamu. Iyo nhanho yekuita mushe inowedzerwa kuburikidza nekushandisa kwemakomputa manhamba ekudzora (CNC), ayo anoshandiswa kushandura kudzora kwemashini ekushandisa.
Basa re "CNC" mune chaiyo machining
Uchishandisa makodhi ekuraira epurogiramu, chaiyo CNC machining inobvumira workpiece kutemwa uye kuumbwa kune maratidziro pasina echinyorwa kupindira nemuchina opareta.
Kutora komputa yakabatsirwa dhizaini (CAD) modhi yakapihwa nemutengi, nyanzvi yekugadzira michina inoshandisa komputa yakabatsira kugadzira software (CAM) kugadzira rairo dzekugadzira chikamu. Kubva pane iyo CAD modhi, iyo software inosarudza kuti ndeapi maturusi nzira anodiwa uye inogadzira iyo programming kodhi inotaurira muchina:
■ Ndeapi maRPM akakwana uye nemitengo yekudya
■ Nguva uye kupi kufambisa chishandiso uye / kana chidimbu chebasa
■ Kudzika zvakadii
■ Nguva yekuisa inotonhorera
Any Chero zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nekumhanyisa, chiyero chekudya, nekubatana
A CNC controller inoshandisa iyo programming kodhi kudzora, kuita otomatiki, uye kuongorora kufamba kwemuchina.
Nhasi, CNC yakavakirwa-mukati yeakasiyana siyana emidziyo, kubva kumatanda, zvigayo, uye mairaira kuenda kune waya EDM (magetsi ekuburitsa machining), laser, uye plasma yekucheka michina. Pamusoro pekugadzirisa mashandiro ekugadzirisa uye nekuwedzera musimboti, CNC inobvisa mabasa emawoko uye inosunungura machinist kutarisira michina yakawanda inomhanya panguva imwe chete.
Uye zvakare, kana nzira yekushandisa yagadzirwa uye muchina warongedzwa, unogona kumhanya chikamu chero nhamba yenguva. Izvi zvinopa mwero wepamusoro wekururamisa uye kudzokorora, izvo zvinoita kuti maitiro acho ave nemutengo unodhura uye unowoneka.
Zvishandiso zvakagadzirwa
Zvimwe simbi zvinowanzo kuvezwa zvinosanganisira aluminium, ndarira, ndarira, ndarira, simbi, titanium, uye zinc. Uye zvakare, huni, furo, fiberglass, uye mapurasitiki akadai sepolypropylene anogona zvakare kugadzirwa.
Muchokwadi, chero chero chinhu chingashandiswa nemazvo CNC machining - hongu, zvinoenderana nechishandiso uye nezvazvinodiwa.
Vamwe zvakwakanakira nemazvo CNC machine
Kune akawanda ezvidiki zvidimbu uye zvikamu zvinoshandiswa mune dzakasiyana zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa, chaiyo CNC michina inowanzo iri yekugadzira nzira yesarudzo.
Sezvazviri nezve ingangoita nzira dzese dzekucheka nekugadzira, zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinoshanda zvakasiyana, uye saizi uye chimiro chechinhu zvinechinhu chakakura pakuita. Nekudaro, kazhinji, nzira yeiyo chaiyo CNC machining inopa zvakanakira pamusoro pedzimwe nzira dzekugadzira.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti CNC machine inokwanisa kununura:
Chidimbu chepamusoro chechikamu chakaomarara
■ Kushivirira kwakasimba, kazhinji kacho kubvira ± 0.0002 "(± 0.00508 mm) kusvika ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
■ Kunze kwekutsetseka kwepamusoro kunopera, kusanganisira tsika magumo
■ Kudzokorora, kunyangwe pahuwandu hwakawanda
Nepo nyanzvi yehunyanzvi inogona kushandisa lathe yemanyowani kuita chikamu chemhando muhuwandu hwegumi kana zana, chii chinoitika kana iwe uchida zvikamu chiuru? Zviuru gumi zvikamu? Zviuru zana kana miriyoni?
Nekwakarongeka CNC machining, iwe unogona kuwana iyo scalability uye kumhanya kunodikanwa kune iyi mhando yeiyo yepamusoro-vhoriyamu kugadzirwa. Uye zvakare, iko kudzoreredza kwepamusoro kwecnc CNC machining inokupa iwe zvikamu zvakaenzana kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira, zvisinei kuti mangani zvikamu zvauri kugadzira.
Kune dzimwe nzira dzakasarudzika dzeCCC machining, kusanganisira waya EDM (magetsi ekubvisa michina), yekuwedzera machining, uye 3D laser kudhinda. Semuenzaniso, waya EDM inoshandisa zvinhu zvinoitisa zvinhu - zvinowanzo simbi- - uye magetsi anoburitsa kukonzeresa workpiece muzvimiro zvakaoma kunzwisisa.
Nekudaro, pano isu tichaisa pfungwa pahuyo uye nzira dzekushandura - nzira mbiri dzekubvisa dzinowanikwa zvakanyanya uye dzinowanzoshandiswa kunyatsogadzira CNC machining.
Kugaya vs. kutendeuka
Kugaya inzira yekushandisa inoshandisa chinotenderera, yekucheka turu yekushandisa kubvisa zvinhu uye kugadzira zvimiro. Zvekugaya zvishandiso, zvinozivikanwa seguyo kana nzvimbo yekumisikidza, inozadzisa zvakasarudzika zvemativi akaomarara ejometri pane zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakura zvakagadzirwa nesimbi.
Chinhu chakakosha kukuya ndeyekuti workpiece inoramba yakamira apo chishandiso chakacheka. Mune mamwe mazwi, pane chigayo, iyo inotenderera yekucheka chishandiso inofamba ichitenderedza workpiece, iyo inoramba yakagadzika munzvimbo panzvimbo pamubhedha.
Kutendeuka maitiro ekucheka kana kuumba workpiece pamidziyo inonzi lathe. Kazhinji, iyo lathe inotenderera iyo yekushandira pane yakatwasuka kana yakatwasuka axis neyakagadziriswa yekucheka chishandiso (icho chingave kana chingave chisiri kutenderera) chinofamba pamwe neakarongedzwa axis.
Chishandiso hachigone kutenderera chikamu. Izvo zvinhu zvinotenderera, zvichibvumira chishandiso kuita zvakarongedzwa mashandiro. (Iko kune subset ye lathes umo maturusi anotenderera akatenderedza waya-yakadyiwa waya, zvisinei, iyo haina kuvharwa pano.)
Mukutendeuka, kusiyana nekugaya, iyo workpiece inotenderera. Icho chikamu chemasheya chinotendeukira pane yekumonera tambo uye iyo yekucheka chishandiso inounzwa kusangana neiyo workpiece.
Manual vs. CNC machine
Nepo zvese zvigayo nemachira zviripo mumanyowani emanyorerwo, michina yeCCC yakanyanyisa kukodzera kune zvidiki zvidiki zvigadzirwa - ichipa scalability uye kudzokorora kwezvikumbiro zvinoda yakakwira vhoriyamu kugadzirwa kwezvakamira shiviriro zvikamu.
Pamusoro pekupa michina yakapetwa-maviri-axis umo chishandiso chinofamba mune maX uye Z axes, chaiyo CNC michina inosanganisira akawanda-axis mamodheru umo iyo workpiece inogona zvakare kufamba. Izvi zvinopesana ne lathe iyo iyo yekushandira inogumira pakutenderera uye maturusi anozo fambisa kugadzira iyo inodiwa geometry.
Aya maratidziro emagetsi akawanda anotendera kugadzirwa kwemajometri akaomesesa mukuita kumwe chete, pasina kuda basa rekuwedzera nemushandi wemuchina. Izvi hazviite chete kuti zvive nyore kuburitsa zvikamu zvakaoma, asi zvakare zvinoderedza kana kubvisa mukana wekukanganisa kweanoshanda.
Uye zvakare, kushandiswa kweanopisa-kumanikidza kutonhodza ine chaiyo CNC machining inovimbisa kuti machipisi haapinde mumabasa, kunyangwe kana uchishandisa muchina une chakamira chakatenderedza chokurukisa.
CNC zvigayo
Mhando dzakasiyana dzekugaya dzakasiyana muhukuru hwadzo, magadzirirwo eaxis, mareti ezvidimbu, kumhanyisa kumhanya, yekugaya yekudyisa mafambiro, uye mamwe maitiro.
Nekudaro, zvakawandisa, CNC zvigayo zvese zvinoshandisa chinotenderera chinokanganisa kutema zvisingadiwe zvinhu. Iwo anoshandiswa kucheka simbi dzakaoma senge simbi uye titanium asi inogona zvakare kushandiswa nezvinhu zvakadai sepurasitiki nealuminium.
CNC zvigayo zvakavakirwa kudzokorora uye zvinogona kushandiswa kune zvese kubva prototyping kusvika pakakwirira vhoriyamu kugadzirwa. Yakakwira-kumagumo kunyatsoita CNC zvigayo zvinowanzo shandiswa kune yakasimba kushivirira basa senge yekugaya yakanaka inofa uye kuumbwa.
Nepo CNC yekugaya ichigona kununura inokurumidza kutendeuka, seye-milled kupedzisa inogadzira zvikamu zvine anooneka maturu mamaki. Inogona zvakare kuburitsa zvikamu nezvimwe zvakapinza micheto uye mabhureki, saka mamwe maitirwo anogona kudikanwa kana makomba nemabhureti zvisingagamuchirike kune izvo maficha.
Ehezve, zvishandiso zvekubvarura zvakarongedzwa mukuteedzana kunozoita dhiri, kunyangwe kazhinji kuchizadzisa 90% yezvinodiwa zvakapedzwa zvakanyanya, zvichisiya mamwe maficha ekupedzisa ruoko rwekupedzisira.
Kana zviri zvekupedzisa pamusoro, pane zvishandiso zvinozogadzira kwete chete chinogamuchirwa chepamusoro, asiwo girazi-senge kupedzisa pane zvikamu zvechigadzirwa chigadzirwa.
Mhando dzeCNC mills
The mbiri dzinokosha mhando azvikuya michina vanozivikanwa somunhu wehunyambiri machine nzvimbo uye chinjikira machine nzvimbo, apo chikuru musiyano iri zvechitarisiko muchina chokurukisa.
Yekutwasuka machining nzvimbo ndeye chigayo umo iyo spindle axis inowirirana mune Z-axis nzira. Iyi michina yakatwasuka inogona kupatsanurwa kuita mhando mbiri:
■ Zvigayo zvemubhedha, umo chokurukisa chinofamba chichienderana neicho chayo apo tafura inofamba yakatarisa kune akabatana neshinda
■ Turret zvigayo, umo chokurukisa chakamira uye tafura inofambiswa kuitira kuti igare yakatarisa uye ichienderana neiyo axis yechokurukisa panguva yekucheka mashandiro
Mune yakatenderera michina centre, chigayo chacho chokurukisa axis chinoenderana mune Y-akabatana kutungamira. Chimiro chakatwasuka chinoreva kuti zvigayo izvi zvinotora nzvimbo yakawanda pane muchina wepasi pechitoro; iwo zvakare anowanzoremerwa mukurema uye akasimba kupfuura michina yakamira.
Chigayo chakatwasuka chinowanzoshandiswa panodiwa nzvimbo yepamusoro yepamusoro; imo nekuti kutariswa kweshinda kunoreva kuti machipisi ekucheka anowira pasi uye anobviswa zviri nyore. (Sechipo chakawedzerwa, zvinobudirira chip kubviswa kunobatsira kuwedzera hupenyu hwechishandiso.)
Kazhinji, mira michini nzvimbo dzakanyanya kuwanda nekuti dzinogona kuve dzakasimba seyakagadzika machining nzvimbo uye dzinogona kubata zvidiki zvikamu. Uye zvakare, nzvimbo dzakatwasuka dzine tsoka diki pane nzvimbo dzakatwasuka dzekugadzira.
Multi-akabatana CNC zvigayo
Precision CNC mill nzvimbo dzinowanikwa neakawanda masanhu. Iyo 3-axis mill inoshandisa iyo X, Y, uye Z axes kune akasiyana akasiyana basa. Iine 4-axis mill, muchina unogona kutenderera pane yakatwasuka uye yakatwasuka akabatana uye fambisa iyo yekushandira kubvumidza kumwe kuenderera kwemuchina.
Iyo 5-axis chigayo ine matatu echinyakare matemo uye maviri akawedzera anotenderera matemo, zvichigonesa iyo workpiece kutenderedzwa apo musoro wekuruka unofamba uchitenderedza. Izvi zvinogonesa mativi mashanu ebasa rekugadzira kuti rive rakagadzirwa pasina kubvisa workpiece uye kumisazve muchina.
CNC lathes
Iyo lathe - inonziwo nzvimbo yekutenderera - ine imwechete kana yakawanda, uye X uye Z axes. Muchina unoshandiswa kutenderedza workpiece pane yayo axis kuita dzakasiyana siyana kucheka uye kuumba mashandiro, kushandisa akasiyana maturu kune iyo workpiece.
CNC lathes, ayo anonziwo mhenyu chiito tooling lathes, vari rakanakira pakusika symmetrical cylindrical kana idenderedzwa zvikamu. Kunge CNC zvigayo, CNC lathes inokwanisa kubata zvidiki mashandiro akadaro prototyping asi inogona zvakare kumisikidzwa yekukwira kudzokorora, kutsigira yakakwira vhoriyamu kugadzirwa.
CNC lathes inogona kumisikidzwa kugadzirwa nemaoko-emahara, izvo zvinoita kuti zvinyanyo shandiswa mumotokari, zvemagetsi, muchadenga, marobhoti, uye maindasitiri ekurapa.
Mashandiro anoita CNC lathe
Iine CNC lathe, isina chinhu bar yezvinhu zvinhu inotakurirwa mukati mechidziro chekarukwa kechigadzirwa. Iyi chuck inobata workpiece munzvimbo yacho apo chokurukisa chinotenderera. Kana chokurukisa chasvika padanho rinodikanwa, chishandiso chakamira chekucheka chinounzwa mukubata neyekushandira kubvisa zvinhu nekuwana iyo chaiyo geometry.
Iyo CNC lathe inogona kuita akati wandei mashandiro, senge kuchera, kuseta, kunofinha, kudzoreredza, kutarisana, uye taper kutendeuka. Mabasa akasiyana anoda shanduko yezvishandiso uye anogona kuwedzera mutengo uye nguva yekumisikidza.
Kana ese mashandiro anodikanwa ekugadzirisa ari kupedzwa, chikamu chinodimburwa kubva muchitoro kuti chienderere mberi nekugadziriswa, kana zvichidikanwa. Iyo CNC lathe inogadzirira kudzokorora mashandiro, iine shoma kana isina yekuwedzera yekumisikidza nguva inowanzodiwa pakati.
CNC lathes inogona zvakare kugadzirisa akasiyana otomatiki emabhawa feeders, ayo anoderedza huwandu hwebhuku remaoko mbichana zvinhu zvekubata uye zvinopa zvakanakira senge zvinotevera:
■ Deredza nguva nekuedza kunodiwa kune anoshanda nemuchina
Support Tsigira bharaki kuti idzikise mitinhimira inogona kukanganisa kunaka
■ Bvumira chishandiso chemushini kuti chishande paakawandisa spindle spidhi
■ Deredza nguva dzekuchinja
■ Deredza marara ezvinhu
Mhando dzeCNC lathes
Kune akatiwandei emhando dzakasiyana dze lathes, asi dzinonyanya kuve 2-axis CNC lathes uye China-style otomatiki lathes.
Mazhinji CNC China lathes anoshandisa imwechete kana maviri akakosha spindles pamwe chete kana maviri kumashure (kana sekondari) chokurukisa, nekutenderera kuendesa kunoona wekare. Huru chokurukisa anoita chikuru machine oparesheni, nerubatsiro gwaro bushing.
Uye zvakare, mamwe maChina-maitiro lathes anouya akashongedzerwa neyechipiri turu musoro unoshanda seCCC chigayo.
Iine CNC China -style otomatiki lathe, iyo stock zvinhu inodyiswa kuburikidza nekutsvedza musoro chokurukisa kuita gwara bushing. Izvi zvinobvumira chishandiso kutema zvinhu padhuze nepapo panotsigirwa zvinhu, zvichiita kuti China muchina inyanye kubatsira kwenguva refu, yakatetepa yakatendeuka zvikamu uye zvemicromachining.
Multi-axis CNC yekushandura nzvimbo uye China-dhizaini lathes inogona kuita akawanda machining mashandiro uchishandisa muchina mumwe chete. Izvi zvinovaita sarudzo inodhura-inoshanda kune akaomarara mageometri ayo angazoda michina yakawanda kana shanduko yezvishandiso uchishandisa zvishandiso senge chinyakare CNC chigayo.