Precision Machining inzira yekubvisa zvinhu kubva kune workpiece panguva yekubata padhuze kushivirira kupera.Muchina chaiwo une marudzi akawanda, anosanganisira kugaya, kutendeuka uye magetsi ekuburitsa machining.Muchina chaiwo nhasi uno unowanzo kudzorwa uchishandisa Computer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Zvinenge zvese zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvinoshandisa machining chaiwo, sezvinoita zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaita sepurasitiki nehuni.Michina iyi inoshandiswa nenyanzvi uye dzakadzidziswa machinist.Kuti mudziyo wekucheka uite basa rawo, unofanirwa kufambiswa nenzira dzakatarwa kuita kucheka chaiko.Iyi yekutanga kufamba kunonzi "kucheka kukurumidza."Iyo workpiece inogonawo kutamiswa, inozivikanwa seyechipiri kufamba kwe "feed."Pamwe chete, mafambiro aya uye kupinza kwechishandiso chekucheka kunobvumira muchina wakanyatso kushanda.
Hunhu hwekuita machining hunoda kugona kutevedzera zvakanyatsojeka mapurani akagadzirwa neCAD (inobatsirwa nekombuta dhizaini) kana CAM (inobatsirwa nekombuta kugadzira) zvirongwa zvakaita se AutoCAD neTurboCAD.Iyo software inogona kubatsira kuburitsa yakaoma, 3-dimensional dhayagiramu kana maratidziro anodiwa kuitira kugadzira chishandiso, muchina kana chinhu.Aya mapurani anofanirwa kuteedzerwa neruzivo rwakakura kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chinoramba chakavimbika.Kunyange makambani mazhinji ekugadzira machina anoshanda neimwe nzira yeCAD/CAM zvirongwa, ivo vachiri kushanda kazhinji nemaoko anodhirowewa nemaoko mumatanho ekutanga ekugadzira.
Precision machining inoshandiswa pazvinhu zvakati wandei zvinosanganisira simbi, bhuronzi, graphite, girazi nemapurasitiki kutaura zvishoma.Zvichienderana nehukuru hwepurojekiti uye zvinhu zvichashandiswa, maturusi akasiyana-siyana ekugadzira machini achashandiswa.Chero musanganiswa welathes, milling machine, drill presses, masaha nemagrinder, uye kunyange marobhoti anomhanya-mhanya anogona kushandiswa.Indasitiri yemuchadenga inogona kushandisa yakakwira velocity machining, nepo indasitiri yekugadzira maturusi inogona kushandisa mafoto-kemikari etching uye milling process.Kubuda kwekumhanya, kana huwandu hwechimwe chinhu, hunogona kusvika muzviuru, kana kuti hushoma.Precision machining kazhinji inoda kurongwa kweCNC zvishandiso zvinoreva kuti inodzorwa nekombuta.Iyo CNC mudziyo inobvumira kuti chaiwo zviyero zvitevedzwe mukati mekufamba kwechigadzirwa.
Kugaya ndiyo machining maitiro ekushandisa rotary cutters kuti abvise zvinhu kubva kune workpiece nekusimudzira (kana kudyisa) mucheki muworkpiece pane imwe nzira.Iyo yekucheka inogona zvakare kubatwa pakona inoenderana neakisi yechishandiso.Kugaya kunobata zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanda nemichina, pazvikero kubva pazvikamu zvidiki zvega zvega kusvika kuhombe, inorema-basa rekugayo rematsotsi.Ndiyo imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa maitiro ekugadzira zvikamu zvetsika kune chaiyo kushivirira.
Kugaya kunogona kuitwa nehuwandu hwematurusi emuchina.Kirasi yepakutanga yematurusi emuchina wekugaya yaive muchina wekugaya (unowanzonzi chigayo).Mushure mekuuya kwekombuta nhamba yekudzora (CNC), michina yekugaya yakashanduka kuita machining nzvimbo: michina yekugaya inowedzerwa neatomatiki maturusi ekuchinja, magazini emidziyo kana carousels, CNC kugona, inotonhorera masisitimu, uye akavharirwa.Nzvimbo dzekugaya dzinowanzo kurongedzerwa vertical machining centers (VMCs) kana horizontal machining centers (HMCs).
Kubatanidzwa kwekugaya kuita nharaunda dzinoshanduka, uye neimwe nzira, kwakatanga nekushandisa zvigayo zvemachira uye neapo neapo kushandiswa kwezvigayo zvekushandura mashandiro.Izvi zvakatungamira kune kirasi nyowani yezvishandiso zvemuchina, multitasking muchina (MTMs), ayo ane chinangwa-akavakirwa kufambisa kugaya uye kutenderedza mukati mehamvuropu imwechete yebasa.
Kune mainjiniya ekugadzira, zvikwata zveR&D, uye vagadziri vanotsamira pane chikamu chekutsvaga, chaiyo CNC machining inobvumira kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakaoma pasina kumwe kugadzirisa.Muchokwadi, kunyatsoita CNC machining kazhinji kunoita kuti zvikwanisike kuti zvikamu zvakapedzwa zviitwe pamuchina mumwe chete.
Iyo machining process inobvisa zvinhu uye inoshandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekucheka zvishandiso kugadzira yekupedzisira, uye kazhinji yakaoma kwazvo, dhizaini yechikamu.Chiyero chechokwadi chinokwidziridzwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekombuta nhamba yekudzora (CNC), iyo inoshandiswa kuita otomatiki kutonga kwezvishandiso zvemuchina.
Basa re "CNC" mune chaiyo machining
Uchishandisa macoded programming mirairo, chaiyo CNC machining inobvumira workpiece kutemwa uye kuumbwa kune zvakatemwa pasina kupindira kwemanyore nemuchina anoshanda.
Kutora komputa inobatsirwa dhizaini (CAD) modhi yakapihwa nemutengi, nyanzvi yemachinist inoshandisa komputa inobatsira kugadzira software (CAM) kugadzira mirairo yekugadzira chikamu.Zvichienderana neCAD modhi, software inosarudza kuti ndeapi maturusi nzira anodiwa uye inogadzira iyo programming kodhi inoudza muchina:
■ Ndeapi maRPM chaiwo uye mitengo yekudyisa
■ Nguva uye kupi kwekufambisa chishandiso uye/kana chidimbu chebasa
■ Kucheka kwakadii
■ Inguvai yekuzora chinotonhorera
■ Chero zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nekumhanya, mwero wekudya, uye kurongeka
A CNC controller anobva ashandisa iyo programming kodhi kudzora, otomatiki, uye kutarisa mafambiro emuchina.
Nhasi, CNC chinhu chakavakirwa-mukati chezvakasiyana siyana zvemidziyo, kubva kune lathes, zvigayo, uye marouters kuenda kune waya EDM (magetsi ekuburitsa machining), laser, uye plasma yekucheka michina.Pamusoro pekuita otomatiki machining maitiro uye kusimudzira chaiko, CNC inobvisa mabasa emaoko uye inosunungura machinists kuti atarise akawanda michina inomhanya panguva imwe chete.
Pamusoro pezvo, kana nzira yekushandisa yagadzirwa uye muchina wakarongwa, unogona kuita chikamu chero nhamba yenguva.Izvi zvinopa yakakwira mwero wekurongeka uye kudzokororwa, izvo zvinoita kuti maitiro acho awedzere kudhura uye scalable.
Zvishandiso zvinogadzirwa nemichina
Dzimwe simbi dzinowanzogadzirwa dzinosanganisira aruminiyamu, ndarira, bhuronzi, mhangura, simbi, titanium, uye zingi.Pamusoro pezvo, huni, furo, fiberglass, uye mapurasitiki akadai sepolypropylene anogonawo kugadzirwa.
Muchokwadi, ingangoita chero chinhu chinogona kushandiswa nekunyatso CNC machining - hongu, zvichienderana nekushandisa uye nezvinodiwa.
Mamwe mabhenefiti eiyo chaiyo CNC machining
Kune akawanda ezvikamu zvidiki uye zvikamu zvinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa, kunyatsoita CNC machining kazhinji ndiyo nzira yekugadzira yesarudzo.
Sezvazviri kune dzinenge dzese nzira dzekucheka uye dzekugadzira, zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinoita zvakasiyana, uye saizi uye chimiro chechikamu zvakare zvine simba guru pakuita.Nekudaro, kazhinji maitiro eiyo CNC machining inopa zvakanakira pane dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti CNC machining inokwanisa kuendesa:
■ Chikamu chepamusoro chekuoma kwechikamu
■ Kushivirira kwakasimba, kazhinji kubva ±0.0002" (±0.00508 mm) kusvika ±0.0005" (±0.0127 mm)
■ Kupedzwa kwepamusoro kwakatsetseka, kusanganisira kupedzisa kwetsika
■ Kudzokororwa, kunyangwe pamavhoriyamu akakwirira
Nepo nyanzvi yekugadzira michina inogona kushandisa lathe yemanyorero kuita chikamu chemhando muhuwandu hwegumi kana zana, chii chinoitika kana iwe uchida zvikamu chiuru?10,000 zvikamu?100,000 kana miriyoni zvikamu?
Nechaiyo CNC machining, unogona kuwana scalability uye kumhanya kunodiwa kune iyi mhando yemhando yepamusoro-vhoriyamu kugadzirwa.Uye zvakare, iyo yakakwirira kudzokorora kweiyo CNC machining inokupa iwe zvikamu zvakafanana kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira, zvisinei kuti mangani zvikamu zvauri kugadzira.
Kune dzimwe nzira dzakanyanya hunyanzvi dzeCNC machining, kusanganisira waya EDM (electric discharge machining), additive machining, uye 3D laser kudhinda.Semuyenzaniso, waya EDM inoshandisa conductive zvinhu - kazhinji simbi -- uye magetsi anobuda kuti abvise workpiece kuita zvimiro zvakaomarara.
Nekudaro, pano isu tichatarisa pakugaya uye kutenderedza maitiro - nzira mbiri dzekubvisa dzinowanikwa zvakanyanya uye dzinowanzo shandiswa kune chaiyo CNC machining.
Kugaya maringe nekutendeuka
Kugaya inzira yekugadzira iyo inoshandisa inotenderera, cylindrical yekucheka chishandiso kubvisa zvinhu uye kugadzira maumbirwo.Midziyo yekugaya, inozivikanwa sechigayo kana nzvimbo yekugadzira machining, inogonesa zvisikwa zvezvikamu zvakaomarara zvejometri pane zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru zvakagadzirwa nesimbi.
Chimiro chakakosha chekugaya ndechekuti workpiece inoramba yakamira apo mudziyo wekucheka unotenderera.Mune mamwe mazwi, paguyo, chigadziro chekucheka chinotenderera chinofamba chakakomberedza workpiece, iyo inoramba yakagadzikana panzvimbo pamubhedha.
Kutendeutsa (turning in English) inzira yekucheka kana kugadzira chidimbu chebasa pamidziyo inonzi lathe.Kazhinji, lathe inotenderedza workpiece pane yakatwasuka kana yakachinjika axis ukuwo yakamisikidzwa yekucheka turusi (inogona kana kusatenderera) inofamba ichitevedza axis yakarongwa.
Chishandiso hachigone kutenderedza chikamu chikamu.Izvo zvinhu zvinotenderera, zvichibvumira chishandiso kuita mabasa akarongwa.(Kune subset ye lathes umo maturusi anotenderera achitenderedza spool-yakadyiswa waya, zvisinei, iyo isina kufukidzwa pano.)
Mukutendeuka, kusiyana nekugaya, workpiece inotenderera.Chikamu che stock chinotenderera pane chinorukwa chelathe uye chishandiso chekucheka chinounzwa kuti chisanganise neworkpiece.
Manual vs. CNC machining
Nepo zvese zvigayo uye lathes zviripo mumhando yemanyorero, CNC michina yakanyatso kuenderana nezvinangwa zvekugadzira zvikamu zvidiki - zvinopa scalability uye kudzokororwa kwezvishandiso zvinoda kugadzirwa kwakakwira kwezvikamu zvekushivirira.
Pamusoro pekupa akareruka 2-axis muchina umo chishandiso chinofamba mu X uye Z axes, chaiyo CNC michina inosanganisira akawanda-axis modhi umo workpiece inogona zvakare kufamba.Izvi zvakasiyana nelathe apo workpiece inogumira pakutenderera uye zvishandiso zvinofamba kugadzira iyo inodiwa geometry.
Aya akawanda-axis masisitimu anobvumira kugadzirwa kweakanyanya kuomarara geometri mukushanda kumwe chete, pasina kuda rimwe basa rekuwedzera nemuchina anoshanda.Izvi hazvisi kungoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira zvikamu zvakaoma, asiwo zvinoderedza kana kubvisa mukana wekukanganisa kwevashandisi.
Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa kweyepamusoro-kudzvanya inotonhorera ine chaiyo CNC machining inovimbisa kuti machipi haapinde mumabasa, kunyangwe uchishandisa muchina une vertically oriented spindle.
CNC zvigayo
Michina yekugaya yakasiyana inosiyana muhukuru hwayo, axis masisitimu, mareti ekudya, kumhanya kwekucheka, nzira yekugaya, uye humwe hunhu.
Nekudaro, kazhinji, zvigayo zveCNC zvese zvinoshandisa chinotenderera chinotenderera kucheka zvinhu zvisingadiwe.Anoshandiswa kucheka masimbi akaomarara sesimbi netitanium asi anogona zvakare kushandiswa nezvinhu zvakaita sepurasitiki nealuminium.
CNC zvigayo zvakagadzirirwa kudzokorora uye zvinogona kushandiswa kune zvese kubva prototyping kusvika yakakwira vhoriyamu kugadzirwa.Yepamusoro-yekupedzisira precision CNC zvigayo zvinowanzo shandiswa kune yakasimba kushivirira basa senge milling faindi inofa uye mold.
Nepo CNC milling ichikwanisa kukurumidza kutendeuka, se-milled kupedzisa inogadzira zvikamu zvine anooneka maturusi mamaki.Inogona zvakare kuburitsa zvikamu zvine mamwe mapendero akapinza uye maburrs, saka mamwe maitiro anogona kudiwa kana mipendero uye maburrs asingagamuchirike kune iwo maficha.
Ehe, maturusi ekubvisa akarongerwa mukuteerana anozodzima, kunyangwe kazhinji achiwana 90% yezvakapedzwa zvinodikanwa zvakanyanya, zvichisiya mamwe maficha ekupedzisa ruoko rwekupedzisira.
Kana iri yekupedzisa kwepamusoro, kune zvishandiso zvinoburitsa kwete chete inogamuchirwa pamusoro pekupedzisira, asiwo girazi-sekupedzisa pane zvikamu zvechigadzirwa chebasa.
Mhando dzeCNC mill
Iwo maviri marudzi ekutanga emuchina wekugaya anozivikanwa seakamira machining nzvimbo uye akachinjika machining nzvimbo, uko musiyano wekutanga uri mukumisikidzwa kwemuchina spindle.
Yakamira machining centre chigayo umo spindle axis inorongeka munzira yeZ-axis.Iyi michina yakatwasuka inogona kukamurwazve kuita mhando mbiri:
■ Zvigayo zvemubhedha, umo chinorukwa chinofamba chakapetana neakisi yayo apo tafura inofamba yakananga kuakiso yechirukwa.
■ Turret mills, umo chinorukwa chakamira uye tafura inofambiswa kuitira kuti igare iri perpendicular uye yakaenzana neaxis ye spindle panguva yekucheka.
Munzvimbo yakachinjika machining, axis yeguyo inokwenenzverwa munzira yeY-axis.Chimiro chakachinjika chinoreva kuti zvigayo izvi zvinowanzotora nzvimbo yakawanda pauriri hwechitoro chemuchina;iwo zvakare kazhinji anorema muhuremu uye ane simba kupfuura vertical machines.
Chigayo chakachinjika chinowanzo shandiswa kana kupedzwa kwepamusoro kuri nani kuchidikanwa;imhaka yekuti kutariswa kwechirukwa kunoreva kuti machipisi ekucheka anodonha uye anobviswa nyore.(Sechimwe bhenefiti, kubviswa kwechip kunobatsira kuwedzera hupenyu hwematurusi.)
Kazhinji, vertical machining nzvimbo dzakanyanya kuwanda nekuti dzinogona kuve nesimba seyakachinjika machining nzvimbo uye dzinogona kubata zvidimbu zvidiki.Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo dzakasimukira dzine tsoka diki pane yakachinjika machining nzvimbo.
Multi-axis CNC zvigayo
Precision CNC chigayo nzvimbo dziripo nematemo akawanda.Chigayo che3-axis chinoshandisa maekisi X, Y, uye Z kumabasa akasiyana siyana.Iine 4-axis chigayo, muchina unogona kutenderera pane yakatwasuka uye yakachinjika axis uye kufambisa iyo workpiece kubvumira kuenderera mberi machining.
Chigayo che5-axis chine matemo matatu echinyakare uye maviri ekuwedzera matemo anotenderera, zvichiita kuti chigayo chitenderedzwe sezvo musoro wekuruka uchifamba uchiitenderedza.Izvi zvinogonesa mativi mashanu echishandiso kuti agadziriswe pasina kubvisa workpiece uye kusetazve muchina.
CNC lathes
Lathe - inonziwo turning centre - ine shinda imwe chete kana kupfuura, uye X uye Z axes.Muchina uyu unoshandiswa kutenderedza workpiece pane axis yayo kuita akasiyana siyana ekucheka uye kuumba mashandiro, kushandisa akasiyana maturusi kune workpiece.
CNC lathes, ayo anodaidzwawo kuti live action tooling lathes, akanakira kugadzira symmetrical cylindrical kana spherical parts.Senge CNC zvigayo, CNC lathes inogona kubata diki mashandiro akadai prototyping asi anogona zvakare kusetwa kune yakakwira kudzokorora, inotsigira yakakwirira vhoriyamu kugadzirwa.
CNC lathes inogona zvakare kugadzirirwa kugadzirwa-isina maoko, izvo zvinoita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya mumotokari, zvemagetsi, aerospace, marobhoti, uye maindasitiri emidziyo yekurapa.
Iyo CNC lathe inoshanda sei
Iine CNC lathe, bhaa isina chinhu yestock material inoiswa muchuck yelathe's spindle.Iyi chuck inobata workpiece panzvimbo apo spindle inotenderera.Kana iyo spindle yasvika painomhanya inodiwa, yakamira yekucheka turusi inounzwa kusangana neiyo workpiece kubvisa zvinhu uye kuzadzisa iyo chaiyo geometry.
CNC lathe inogona kuita akati wandei maoparesheni, akadai sekuchera, shinda, kufinha, kudzorerazve, kutarisana, uye taper kutendeuka.Kushanda kwakasiyana kunoda shanduko yekushandisa uye kunogona kuwedzera mutengo uye nguva yekuseta.
Kana ese anodiwa machining mashandiro apera, chikamu chinochekwa kubva muchitoro kuti chiwedzere kugadziriswa, kana zvichidikanwa.Iyo CNC lathe inobva yagadzirira kudzokorora kuvhiya, iine shoma kana isina yekuwedzera nguva yekuseta inowanzodiwa pakati.
CNC lathes inogona zvakare kugarisa akasiyana-siyana otomatiki bar feeder, ayo anoderedza huwandu hwemanyorerwo ekubata zvinhu uye nekupa zvakanakira senge zvinotevera:
■ Deredza nguva nesimba rinodiwa nemushandi wemuchina
∎ Tsigira barstock kuderedza kuzunguzika kunogona kukanganisa kurongeka
■ Bvumira chishandiso chemuchina kuti chishande nekumhanya kwakanyanya
■ Kuderedza nguva dzekuchinja
■ Deredzai kutambisa zvinhu
Mhando dzeCNC lathes
Kune akati wandei emhando dzakasiyana dzemachira, asi anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye 2-axis CNC lathes uye China-maitiro otomatiki lathes.
Mazhinji CNC China lathes anoshandisa imwe kana maviri maspindles makuru pamwe chete kana maviri kumashure (kana echipiri) maspindle, ane inotenderera yekuchinjisa inotarisira yekutanga.Iyo huru spindle inoita yekutanga machining oparesheni, nerubatsiro rwegwara bushing.
Uye zvakare, mamwe maChina-maitiro lathes anouya akashongedzerwa neyechipiri chishandiso musoro unoshanda seCNC chigayo.
Iine CNC China-maitiro otomatiki lathe, iyo stock zvinhu inodyiswa kuburikidza neinotsvedza musoro inotenderera kupinda mugwara regwara.Izvi zvinobvumira chishandiso kucheka zvinhu padhuze nenzvimbo inotsigirwa zvinhu, zvichiita kuti muchina weChina unyatso batsira kwenguva refu, dzakatetepa dzakatendeuka zvikamu uye zve micromachining.
Multi-axis CNC inoshandura nzvimbo uye China-maitiro lathes anogona kuita akawanda machining mashandiro achishandisa muchina mumwe chete.Izvi zvinovaita inodhura-inoshanda sarudzo kune yakaoma geometries yaizoda akawanda michina kana maturusi shanduko uchishandisa midziyo yakaita sechigayo cheCNC.