Chii chinonzi coordinate yekuyeresa muchina?

Akurongedza muchina wekuyeresa(CMM) mudziyo unoyera geometry yezvinhu zvinobatika nekuona mapoinzi akajeka pamusoro pechinhu chine probe.Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeprobes dzinoshandiswa muCMMs, kusanganisira mechanical, optical, laser, uye chena chiedza.Zvichienderana nemuchina, nzvimbo yekuongorora inogona kudzorwa nemaoko nemushandisi kana inogona kudzorwa nekombuta.MaCMM anowanzo tsanangura nzvimbo yeprobe maererano nekubviswa kwayo kubva panzvimbo yereferensi mune matatu-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (kureva, ine XYZ axes).Pamusoro pekufambisa probe pamwe ne X, Y, uye Z axes, michina mizhinji inobvumirawo kona yekuferefeta kuti idzorerwe kuti ibvumidze kuyerwa kwenzvimbo dzaigona kunge dzisingasvikike.

Iyo yakajairwa 3D "bhiriji" CMM inobvumira kufamba kwekuongorora pamwe nematemo matatu, X, Y uye Z, ayo ari orthogonal kune rimwe nerimwe mune matatu-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.Imwe neimwe axis ine sensor inotarisisa nzvimbo yeprobe pane iyo axis, kazhinji ine micrometer chaiyo.Kana probe yasangana (kana neimwe nzira yaona) imwe nzvimbo pachinhu, muchina unotora masensa matatu enzvimbo, nokudaro uchiyera nzvimbo yenzvimbo imwe chete pamusoro pechinhu, pamwe ne3-dimensional vector yechiyero chakatorwa.Iyi nzira inodzokororwa sezvinodiwa, kufambisa probe nguva imwe neimwe, kuburitsa "point cloud" inotsanangura nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekufarira.

Kushandiswa kwakajairwa kweCMM kuri mukugadzira uye kuita magungano kuyedza chikamu kana gungano rinopesana nechinangwa chekugadzira.Mumashandisirwo akadai, makore ekunongedzera anogadzirwa ayo anoongororwa kuburikidza neregression algorithms yekuvaka kwezvinhu.Aya mapoinzi anounganidzwa nekushandisa probe inomisikidzwa nemaoko nemushandisi kana otomatiki kuburikidza neDirect Computer Control (DCC).DCC CMMs inogona kurongwa kuti idzokorore kuyera zvikamu zvakafanana;nokudaro CMM yakazvimiririra imhando yakasarudzika yemarobhoti eindasitiri.

Zvikamu

Coordinate-yekuyera michina inosanganisira zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha:

• Chimiro chikuru icho chinosanganisira matatu axes ekufamba.Zvinhu zvakashandiswa kugadzira furemu inofambisa zvakasiyana nekufamba kwemakore.Granite nesimbi zvakashandiswa mukutanga maCMM.Nhasi vese vakuru veCMM vagadziri vanovaka mafuremu kubva kualuminium alloy kana imwe inotorwa uye zvakare vanoshandisa ceramic kuwedzera kuoma kweiyo Z axis yekuongorora maapplication.Vashoma vavaki veCMM nhasi vachiri kugadzira granite furemu CMM nekuda kwekudiwa kwemusika kune yakagadziridzwa metrology dynamics uye kuwedzera maitiro ekuisa CMM kunze kwemhando lab.Kazhinji chete yakaderera vhoriyamu CMM vavaki uye vagadziri vepamba muChina neIndia vachiri kugadzira granite CMM nekuda kwekuderera tekinoroji nzira uye nyore kupinda kuti uve CMM furemu muvaki.Kuwedzera kwemaitiro ekutarisa kunodawo kuti CMM Z axis ive yakaoma uye zvinhu zvitsva zvakaunzwa zvakaita seceramic uye silicon carbide.
• Probing system
• Kuunganidza data uye kudzikisa system - kazhinji inosanganisira muchina controller, desktop komputa uye application software.

Kuwanikwa

Michina iyi inogona kunge isina kumira-mira, inobatwa nemaoko uye inotakurika.

Kururama

Kurongeka kwemashini ekuyeresa kunowanzo kupihwa sechinhu chekusavimbika sebasa riri pamusoro pechinhambwe.Kune CMM inoshandisa kubata probe, izvi zvine chekuita nekudzokororwa kweprobe uye nekurongeka kwemakero emutsetse.Kudzokororwa kweprobe kunokwanisa kukonzera kuyerwa kwemukati me .001mm kana .00005 inch (hafu yechigumi) pamusoro peyero yesero.Kune 3, 3 + 2, uye 5 axis muchina, maprobe anogara achigadziriswa uchishandisa anoteedzera zviyero uye kufamba kwemuchina kunosimbiswa uchishandisa geji kuona chokwadi.

Zvikamu zvakananga

Muviri wemashini

Yekutanga CMM yakagadziridzwa neFerranti Kambani yekuScotland kuma1950s semhedzisiro yekudiwa kwakananga kuyera zvinhu zvechiuto muzvigadzirwa zvavo zvemauto, kunyangwe muchina uyu waingova nematemo maviri chete.Ekutanga 3-axis modhi akatanga kuoneka mu1960s (DEA yekuItaly) uye kutonga kwekombuta kwakatanga mukutanga kwema1970 asi yekutanga kushanda CMM yakagadziridzwa ikaiswa kutengeswa naBrown & Sharpe muMelbourne, England.(Leitz Germany yakazogadzira yakagadziriswa muchina chimiro netafura inofamba.

Mumichina yemazuva ano, gantry-type superstructure ine makumbo maviri uye inowanzonzi bhiriji.Izvi zvinofamba zvakasununguka pamwe chete netafura yegraniti negumbo rimwe (rinowanzo kunzi gumbo remukati) richitevera gwara regwara rakasungirirwa kune rumwe rutivi rwetafura yegraniti.Gumbo rakatarisana (kazhinji kunze kwegumbo) rinongogara patafura yegranite ichitevera vertical surface contour.Air Bearings ndiyo nzira yakasarudzwa yekuona friction yekufamba mahara.Mune idzi, mweya wakadzvanyirirwa unomanikidzwa kuburikidza nemaburi madiki-diki munzvimbo yakati sandara inotakura nzvimbo kuti ipe mhepo yakatsetseka asi inodzorwa cushion iyo CMM inogona kufamba nenzira iri pedyo isina friction inogona kubhadharwa kuburikidza nesoftware.Kufamba kwebhiriji kana gantry pamwe netafura yegranite inoumba axis imwe yeXY ndege.Zambuko reGantry rine chingoro chinodarika nepakati pemakumbo emukati nekunze uye chinoumba imwe X kana Y yakatwasuka axis.Yechitatu axis yekufamba (Z axis) inopihwa nekuwedzerwa kweyakamira quill kana spindle iyo inofamba ichikwira nekudzika nepakati pengoro.Iyo yekubata probe inoumba mudziyo wekunzwa pamagumo equill.Kufamba kwemasanhu X, Y uye Z kunotsanangura zvizere envelopu yekuyeresa.Optional rotary matafura anogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kusvikirwa kweyeyereso probe kune yakaoma workpieces.Iyo tafura inotenderera seyechina dhiraivha axis haiwedzere kuyerwa zviyero, izvo zvinoramba zviri 3D, asi zvinopa dhigirii rekuchinja.Mamwe maprobes ega ega ane powered rotary midziyo ine probe tip inokwanisa kutenderera yakatwasuka kuburikidza neinodarika 180 madhigirii uye kuburikidza neakazara 360 degree kutenderera.

MaCMM ave kuwanikwawo mune dzakasiyana siyana mamwe mafomu.Izvi zvinosanganisira maoko eCMM anoshandisa zviyero zveangular zvakatorwa pamajoini eruoko kuverenga nzvimbo yetipi yestylus, uye inogona kupfekedzwa nemaprobes ekuvheneka kwelaser uye optical imaging.MaCMM akadaro anowanzo shandiswa uko kutakurika kwawo kune mukana pane echinyakare mubhedha CMMs- nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakayerwa, programming software inobvumirawo kufambisa ruoko rwekuyeresa pacharwo, uye chiyero chayo chekuyera, kutenderedza chikamu kuti chiyerwe panguva yekuyera maitiro.Nekuti maoko eCMM anotevedzera kuchinjika kweruoko rwemunhu anowanzo kwanisa kusvika mukati mezvikamu zvakaomarara zvaisakwanisa kuferefetwa uchishandisa yakajairwa matatu axis muchina.

Mechanical probe

Mumazuva ekutanga ekuenzanisa kuyerwa (CMM), ma mechanical probes akaiswa mune yakakosha mubati pakupera kwequill.Kuongorora kwakajairika kwakagadzirwa nekutengesa bhora rakaoma kusvika kumagumo eshaft.Izvi zvaive zvakanaka pakuyera huwandu hwese hwechiso chakati sandara, cylindrical kana spherical surfaces.Mamwe maprobe akaiswa kune chaiwo maumbirwo, semuenzaniso quadrant, kugonesa kuyerwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha.Aya maprobes akabatwa panyama achipesana neworkpiece nenzvimbo iri muchadenga ichiverengwa kubva pa3-axis digital readout (DRO) kana, mune mamwe masisitimu epamberi, ichipinzwa mukombuta nenzira yefootswitch kana imwe mudziyo wakafanana.Zviyero zvakatorwa neiyi nzira yekuonana zvaiwanzo kusavimbika sezvo michina yaifambiswa nemaoko uye mumwe nemumwe mushandisi wemuchina aishandisa huwandu hwakasiyana hwekumanikidza paprobe kana kutora nzira dzakasiyana dzekuyera.

Imwezve budiriro yaive yekuwedzera kwemamotors ekutyaira imwe neimwe axis.Vashandi vakanga vasingachafaniri kubata muchina uyu asi vaigona kutyaira akisi imwe neimwe vachishandisa bhokisi remaoko rine majoystick zvakafanana nemotokari dzemazuvano dzinodzorwa kure.Kuyera kwechiyero uye kurongeka kwakavandudzwa zvinoshamisa nekugadzirwa kweiyo yemagetsi touch trigger probe.Iye piyona wechishandiso chitsva ichi aive David McMurtry uyo akazogadzira yava kunzi Renishaw plc.Kunyangwe ichiri chishandiso chekubata, probe yaive nesimbi-yakatakura bhora (yakazotevera ruby ​​ball) stylus.Sezvo probe yakabata pamusoro pechikamu chinyoreso chakabva chatsauka ndokutumira panguva imwe chete iyo X,Y,Z yekuronga ruzivo kucomputer.Zvikanganiso zvekuyera zvakakonzerwa nevashandisi vega zvakava vashoma uye nhanho yakaiswa yekuunzwa kweCNC mashandiro uye kuuya kwezera reCMM.

Optical probes i-lens-CCD-systems, iyo inofambiswa seyemakanika, uye inonangidzirwa panzvimbo yekufarira, pane kubata zvinhu.Mufananidzo wakatorwa wepamusoro uchavharwa mumiganhu yehwindo rekuyeresa, kusvikira zvakasara zvakakwana kusiyanisa pakati penzvimbo dema nechena.Iyo yekuparadzanisa curve inogona kuverengerwa kune imwe nzvimbo, inova inodiwa yekuyeresa nzvimbo munzvimbo.Ruzivo rwakachinjika paCCD 2D (XY) uye nzvimbo yakatwasuka ndiyo nzvimbo yehurongwa hwakazara hwekuongorora pastand Z-drive (kana chimwe chikamu chemudziyo).

Scanning probe system

Kune mhando nyowani dzine maprobes anokweva pamusoro pechikamu chinotora nzvimbo panguva dzakatarwa, dzinozivikanwa sema scanning probes.Iyi nzira yekuongorora yeCMM inowanzove yakarurama kupfuura yakajairwa kubata-probe nzira uye nguva zhinji nekukurumidza zvakare.

Chizvarwa chinotevera chekuongorora, chinozivikanwa sekunge noncontact scanning, icho chinosanganisira high speed laser single point triangulation, laser line scanning, uye white light scanning, iri kufambira mberi nekukasira.Iyi nzira inoshandisa angave matanda emalaser kana mwenje chena ayo anofananidzirwa pamusoro pechikamu.Zviuru zvakawanda zvemapoinzi zvinogona kutorwa uye kushandiswa kwete chete kutarisa saizi uye chinzvimbo, asi kugadzira mufananidzo we3D wechikamu zvakare.Iyi "point-cloud data" inogona kuzoendeswa kuCAD software kugadzira inoshanda 3D modhi yechikamu.Aya maoptical scanner anowanzo shandiswa pazvikamu zvakapfava kana zvakatetepa kana kufambisa reverse engineering.

Micrometrology inoongorora

Kuongorora masisitimu e microscale metrology application imwe nzvimbo iri kubuda.Kune akati wandei anowanikwa mune zvekutengeserana anowanikwa ekuyeresa michina yekuyeresa (CMM) ine microprobe yakabatanidzwa muhurongwa, akati wandei masisitimu mumarabhoritari ehurumende, uye chero nhamba yemayunivhesiti-akavakirwa metrology mapuratifomu emicroscale metrology.Kunyangwe michina iyi yakanaka uye muzviitiko zvakawanda mapuratifomu emetrology akanakisa ane zvikero zvenanometric, muganhu wavo wekutanga ndeye yakavimbika, yakasimba, inokwanisa micro/nano probe.^{[citation inodiwa]}Zvinetso zve microscale probing tekinoroji zvinosanganisira kudiwa kweyepamusoro chiyero chechiyero chinopa kugona kuwana zvakadzika, nhete maficha ane akaderera ekubata masimba kuti asakuvadze pamusoro uye nepamusoro chaipo (nanometer level).^{[citation inodiwa]}Pamusoro pezvo microscale probes inotapukirwa nemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza senge hunyoro uye kupindirana kwepasi senge stiction (inokonzerwa nekunamatira, meniscus, uye/kana Van der Waals masimba pakati pevamwe).^{[citation inodiwa]}

Tekinoroji dzekuwana microscale probing dzinosanganisira yakaderedzwa pasi vhezheni yekirasi CMM probes, optical probes, uye yakamira wave probe pakati pevamwe.Nekudaro, matekinoroji emazuva ano ekuona haagone kuyerwa diki zvakaringana kuyera zvakadzika, nhete chimiro, uye kugadziriswa kwemaziso kunoganhurwa nehurefu hwechiedza.X-ray imaging inopa mufananidzo weiyo ficha asi isina inoteedzera metrology ruzivo.

Mitemo yokunyama

Optical probes uye/kana laser probes zvinogona kushandiswa (kana zvichibvira pamwe chete), izvo zvinoshandura maCMM kuyera maikorosikopu kana akawanda-sensor yekuyeresa michina.Fringe projection masisitimu, theodolite triangulation masisitimu kana laser kure uye triangulation masisitimu haadaidzwe michina yekuyera, asi mhedzisiro yekuyera yakafanana: nzvimbo yepakati.Laser probes anoshandiswa kuona chinhambwe pakati pepamusoro uye nzvimbo yekunongedza pakupera kwekinematic chain (kureva: kupera kweZ-drive chikamu).Izvi zvinogona kushandisa interferometrical function, focus variation, light deflection kana danda remumvuri musimboti.

Inotakurika coordinate-yekuyera michina

Nepo maCMM echinyakare anoshandisa probe inofamba pamatemo matatu eCartesian kuyera chimiro chechinhu, maCMM anotakurika anoshandisa maoko akataurwa kana, kana ari maCMM anoona, masisitimu emahara ekuvheneka anoshandisa nzira dzekutarisa katatu uye anogonesa rusununguko rwakakwana rwekufamba. kumativi chinhu.

Anotakurika maCMM ane maoko akataurwa ane matemo matanhatu kana manomwe ane encoder anotenderera, pachinzvimbo chemitsetse mbezo.Maoko anotakurika akareruka (kazhinji asingasviki 20 pounds) uye anogona kutakurwa uye kushandiswa chero kupi zvako.Nekudaro, maCMM ekuona ari kuwedzera kushandiswa muindasitiri.Yakagadzirwa iine compact linear kana matrix array kamera (seMicrosoft Kinect), maCMM anotaridzika madiki pane anotakurika maCMM ane maoko, asina waya, uye anoita kuti vashandisi vatore nyore 3D zviyero zvemarudzi ese ezvinhu zvinowanikwa chero kupi.

Zvimwe zvisingadzokeri zvekushandisa senge reverse engineering, kukurumidza prototyping, uye hukuru-hukuru ongororo yezvikamu zvehukuru hwese zvakakodzerwa nemaCMM anotakurika.Mabhenefiti eanotakurika maCMM akawanda.Vashandisi vane kuchinjika mukutora 3D zviyero zveese marudzi ezvikamu uye munzvimbo dziri kure/ dzakaoma.Izvo zviri nyore kushandisa uye hazvidi nzvimbo inodzorwa kutora zviyero zvakarurama.Uyezve, maCMM anotakurika anowanzoita mari shoma pane yechinyakare maCMM.

Izvo zvemukati zvekutengesa-offs zveinotakurika CMMs mashandiro emaoko (anogara achida kuti munhu azvishandise).Pamusoro pezvo, kurongeka kwavo kwese kunogona kuve kushoma pane iyo yemhando yebhiriji CMM uye haina kukodzera kune mamwe maapplication.

Multisensor-yekuyera michina

Chinyakare CMM tekinoroji uchishandisa kubata probe nhasi inowanzo sanganiswa nehumwe kuyerwa tekinoroji.Izvi zvinosanganisira laser, vhidhiyo kana chena mwenje masensa kuti ape izvo zvinozivikanwa sekuyerwa kwemultisensor.