Chii chinonzi muchina wekuyera we coordinate?

Amuchina wekuyera wekubatanidza(CMM) chishandiso chinoyera geometry yezvinhu zvinooneka nekuona nzvimbo dzakasiyana pamusoro pechinhu uchishandisa probe. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeprobe dzinoshandiswa muCMM, dzinosanganisira mechanical, optical, laser, uye white light. Zvichienderana nemuchina, nzvimbo yeprobe inogona kudzorwa nemaoko nemushandi kana kuti inogona kudzorwa nekombiyuta. CMM dzinowanzo tsanangura nzvimbo yeprobe maererano nekutama kwayo kubva panzvimbo yereferensi muCartesian coordinate system ine mativi matatu (kureva, ine XYZ axes). Kuwedzera pakufambisa probe pamwe chete neX, Y, uye Z axes, michina yakawanda inobvumirawo angle yeprobe kudzorwa kuti ibvumire kuyerwa kwenzvimbo dzaisazosvikika.

"Bhuroko" re3D CMM rinoita kuti probe ifambe nema axes matatu, X, Y naZ, ayo ari matatu-dimensional kune mumwe nemumwe muCartesian coordinate system ine mativi matatu. Axis imwe neimwe ine sensor inotarisa nzvimbo yeprobe pa axis iyoyo, kazhinji ne micrometer chaiyo. Kana probe ikasangana (kana kuti ikaona) nzvimbo chaiyo pachinhu, muchina unoedza sensors nhatu, nokudaro uchiyera nzvimbo yepoindi imwe pamusoro pechinhu, pamwe ne 3-dimensional vector yekuyera kwakatorwa. Maitiro aya anodzokororwa kana zvichidikanwa, achifambisa probe nguva imwe neimwe, kuti pave ne "point cloud" inotsanangura nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzinofarirwa.

MaCMM anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira nekugadzira zvinhu kuti vaedze chikamu kana gungano vachipesana nechinangwa chekugadzira. Mumashandisirwo akadaro, makore enzvimbo anogadzirwa ayo anoongororwa kuburikidza neregression algorithms yekuvaka maficha. Mapoinzi aya anounganidzwa nekushandisa probe inoiswa nemaoko nemushandi kana otomatiki kuburikidza neDirect Computer Control (DCC). MaCMM eDCC anogona kurongwa kuti averenge zvikamu zvakafanana kakawanda; saka CMM inongoerekana yagadzirwa imhando yakasarudzika yerobhoti remaindasitiri.

Zvikamu

Michina yekuyera zvinhu inosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:

• Chimiro chikuru chine maaxes matatu ekufamba. Zvinhu zvakashandiswa kugadzira furemu inofamba zvakasiyana-siyana mumakore apfuura. Granite nesimbi zvakashandiswa mumaCMM ekutanga. Nhasi vese vagadziri vakuru veCMM vanogadzira mafuremu kubva kualuminium alloy kana zvimwe zvinobva uye vanoshandisa ceramic kuwedzera kuomarara kweZ axis pakushandisa scanning. Vavaki vashoma veCMM nhasi vachiri kugadzira granite frame CMM nekuda kwezvinodiwa nemusika kuti pave nekuvandudzwa kwemetrology dynamics uye kuwedzera kwemaitiro ekuisa CMM kunze kwelabhoritari yemhando yepamusoro. Kazhinji vagadziri veCMM vane vhoriyamu shoma chete nevagadziri vepamba muChina neIndia vachiri kugadzira granite CMM nekuda kwemaitiro asina tekinoroji uye nyore kupinda kuti uve muvaki weCMM frame. Kuwanda kwemaitiro ekuskena kunodawo kuti CMM Z axis ive yakaoma uye zvinhu zvitsva zvakaunzwa zvakaita seceramic nesilicon carbide.
• Sisitimu yekuferefeta
• Sisitimu yekuunganidza nekuderedza data — inowanzo sanganisira muchina wekutonga, komputa yedesktop uye software yekushandisa.

Kuwanikwa

Michina iyi inogona kushandiswa yakasununguka, inobatwa nemaoko uye inotakurika.

Kururama

Kururama kwemichina yekuyera macoordinate kunowanzo kupiwa sechinhu chisina chokwadi sebasa rinoenderana nedaro. Kune CMM inoshandisa touch probe, izvi zvine chekuita nekudzokororwa kweprobe uye kururama kwezviyero zvemutsetse. Kudzokororwa kweprobe kwakajairika kunogona kukonzera kuyerwa kwemukati me .001mm kana .00005 inch (hafu yegumi) pamusoro pehuwandu hwese hwekuyera. Kune michina ye 3, 3+2, uye 5 axis, ma probe anoongororwa nguva dzose uchishandisa zviyero zvinoteverwa uye kufamba kwemuchina kunosimbiswa uchishandisa ma gauges kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti akarurama.

Zvikamu zvakananga

Muviri wemuchina

CMM yekutanga yakagadzirwa neFerranti Company yekuScotland muma1950 nekuda kwekudiwa kwakananga kwekuyera zvikamu zvakanyatsonaka muzvigadzirwa zvavo zvehondo, kunyangwe muchina uyu waive nemaaxe maviri chete. Mhando dzekutanga dze3-axis dzakatanga kuoneka muma1960 (DEA yeItaly) uye kudzora komputa kwakatanga kutanga kwema1970 asi CMM yekutanga yakashanda yakagadzirwa ndokutengeswa neBrowne & Sharpe muMelbourne, England. (Leitz Germany yakazogadzira chimiro chemuchina chakasimba chine tafura inofamba.

Mumichina yemazuva ano, chimiro chepamusoro chegantry chine makumbo maviri uye chinowanzonzi zambuko. Izvi zvinofamba zvakasununguka patafura yegranite negumbo rimwe (rinowanzonzi gumbo remukati) zvichitevera jira rekutungamira rakasungirirwa kune rumwe rutivi rwetafura yegranite. Gumbo repamberi (rinowanzova gumbo rekunze) rinongogara patafura yegranite richitevera contour yepamusoro yakatwasuka. Mabheyaringi emhepo ndiyo nzira yakasarudzwa yekuona kuti hapana kukweshana. Mune izvi, mhepo yakamanikidzwa inomanikidzwa kuburikidza nemaburi madiki-diki munzvimbo yakatsetseka yekutakura kuti ipe mhepo yakatsetseka asi inodzorwa iyo CMM inogona kufamba nayo nenzira isina kukweshana iyo inogona kubhadharwa kuburikidza nesoftware. Kufamba kwebhiriji kana gantry patafura yegranite kunoumba axis imwe yeXY plane. Bhiriji regantry rine ngoro inopfuura pakati pemakumbo emukati nekunze uye inoumba imwe X kana Y horizontal axis. Third axis of movement (Z axis) inopiwa nekuwedzerwa kwe vertical quill kana spindle inofamba ichikwira nekudzika nepakati pengoro. Touch probe inoumba mudziyo wekunzwa pamugumo we quill. Kufamba kwema axes eX, Y neZ kunotsanangura zvizere envelopu yekuyera. Matafura anotenderera anogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kusvikika kweprobe yekuyera kune zvinhu zvakaoma zvekushanda. Tafura inotenderera se fourth drive axis haiwedzere saizi yekuyera, iyo inoramba iri 3D, asi inopa mwero wekuchinjika. Mamwe ma touch probe anozvishandisa kutenderera ne probe tip inokwanisa kutenderera yakatwasuka kuburikidza neanopfuura madhigirii 180 uye kuburikidza nekutenderera kwakazara kwe360 degrees.

MaCMM ava kuwanikwawo mune dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira maoko eCMM anoshandisa zviyero zvekona zvinotorwa pamajoini eruoko kuti averenge nzvimbo yemuromo westylus, uye anogona kuiswa maprobes ekuongorora ne laser uye optical imaging. MaCMM emaoko akadaro anowanzo shandiswa apo kutakurika kwawo kuri mukana wepamusoro peCMM dzekare dzakagadzika - nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakayerwa, software yekuronga inobvumirawo kufambisa ruoko rwekuyera pacharwo, uye huwandu hwarwo hwekuyera, kutenderedza chikamu kuti chiyerwe panguva yekuyera. Nekuti maoko eCMM anotevedzera kuchinjika kweruoko rwemunhu, anowanzo kwanisawo kusvika mukati mezvikamu zvakaoma zvisingagoni kuongororwa uchishandisa muchina we three axis.

Chinoongorora michina

Mumazuva ekutanga ekuyera ma "coordinate measurement" (CMM), ma "mechanical probes" aiiswa mu "special holder" pamucheto we "quill". "Probe" yaiwanzogadzirwa nekusonera bhora rakaoma kumagumo e "shaft". Izvi zvaive zvakanaka pakuyera mativi ese e "flat face", "cylindrical" kana "spherical surfaces". Mamwe ma "probes" aikuya kuita maumbirwo chaiwo, semuenzaniso "quadrant", kuti zvikwanise kuyerwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha. Ma "probes" aya aibatwa ne "physical" pa "workpiece" nenzvimbo iri muchadenga ichiverengwa kubva pa "3-axis digital readout" (DRO) kana, muma "systems" epamusoro, aiiswa mukombuta uchishandisa "footswitch" kana mudziyo wakafanana. Kuyerwa kwaitorwa nenzira iyi yekubata kwaiwanzo kuvimbika sezvo michina yaifambiswa nemaoko uye mushandi wega wega wemuchina aishandisa huwandu hwakasiyana hwekumanikidza pa "probe" kana kushandisa matekiniki akasiyana ekuyera.

Imwe nzira yakawedzerwa yaive yekuwedzera mamota ekufambisa axis yega yega. Vashandisi vakanga vasisafanirwe kubata muchina asi vaigona kutyaira axis yega yega vachishandisa handbox ine joysticks nenzira yakafanana nemota dzemazuva ano dzinodzorwa kure. Kururama kwekuyera uye kunyatsoita kwakavandudzika zvikuru nekugadzirwa kwe electronic touch trigger probe. Muvambi weiyi probe device itsva aive David McMurtry uyo akazogadzira iyo yava Renishaw plc. Kunyangwe ichiri contact device, probe iyi yaive nespring-loaded steel ball (gare gare ruby ​​ball) stylus. Sezvo probe yaibata pamusoro pechikamu, stylus yaitsauka uye panguva imwe chete yakatumira ruzivo rwe X, Y, Z kukombiyuta. Zvikanganiso zvekuyera zvinokonzerwa nevashandisi vega vega zvakava zvishoma uye danho rakaiswa rekuti CNC operations dziitwe uye CMMs dzitange kushanda.

Maoptical probes i lens-CCD-systems, ayo anofambiswa seaya emakanika, uye anonangidzirwa panzvimbo inonakidza, pachinzvimbo chekubata chinhu chacho. Mufananidzo wakatorwa wepamusoro uchavharirwa mumiganhu yehwindo rekuyera, kusvika zvasara zvakwana kusiyanisa nzvimbo nhema nechena. Curve yekuparadzanisa inogona kuverengerwa kusvika panzvimbo, inova nzvimbo yekuyera inodiwa muchadenga. Ruzivo rwakatarwa paCCD i2D (XY) uye nzvimbo yakatwasuka ndiyo nzvimbo yesystem yakazara yekuyedza pastand Z-drive (kana chimwe chikamu chemudziyo).

Masisitimu ekuongorora mapoinzi

Kune mamodheru matsva ane maprobe anodhonza pamusoro pechikamu achitora nzvimbo panguva dzakatarwa, anozivikanwa semaprobe ekuskena. Nzira iyi yekuongorora CMM inowanzova yakarurama kupfuura nzira yemazuva ano yekubata-bata uye kazhinji inokurumidza zvakare.

Chizvarwa chinotevera chekuongorora, chinozivikanwa se noncontact scanning, chinosanganisira high speed laser single point triangulation, laser line scanning, uye white light scanning, chiri kufambira mberi nekukurumidza. Nzira iyi inoshandisa laser beams kana white light inotaridzwa pamusoro pechikamu. Zviuru zvemapoinzi zvinogona kutorwa uye kushandiswa kwete kungotarisa saizi nenzvimbo chete, asiwo kugadzira mufananidzo we3D wechikamu. Iyi "point-cloud data" inogona kuendeswa kuCAD software kugadzira 3D model inoshanda yechikamu. Aya ma optical scanner anowanzo shandiswa pazvikamu zvakapfava kana zvakapfava kana kuti kufambisa reverse engineering.

Zviyereso zve micrometrology

Masisitimu ekuferefeta mashandisirwo ema microscale metrology ndeimwe nzvimbo iri kubuda. Kune michina yekuyera mitsetse yakawanda inowanikwa mukutengeserana (CMM) ine microprobe yakabatanidzwa musystem, masisitimu akasiyana-siyana ehunyanzvi muma laboratories ehurumende, uye chero mapuratifomu emetrology akavakwa kuyunivhesiti e microscale metrology. Kunyangwe michina iyi yakanaka uye mune dzimwe nguva mapuratifomu akanaka emetrology ane nanometric scales, muganhu wavo mukuru i micro/nano probe yakavimbika, yakasimba, uye inokwanisa.^{[kudiwa kwechirevo]}Matambudziko ehunyanzvi hwekuongorora zvinhu zve microscale anosanganisira kudiwa kweprobe ine chiyero chepamusoro inopa mukana wekuwana zvinhu zvakadzika, zvakamanikana zvine simba shoma rekubata kuitira kuti isakuvadze pamusoro uye kunyatsoita zvinhu nemazvo (nanometer level).^{[kudiwa kwechirevo]}Pamusoro pezvo, ma microscale probes anogona kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze akadai sehunyoro uye kusangana kwepamusoro se stiction (inokonzerwa nekunamatira, meniscus, uye/kana Van der Waals forces pakati pezvimwe).^{[kudiwa kwechirevo]}

Matekinoroji ekugadzira microscale probe anosanganisira kuvandudzwa kwemhando dzeCMM probes, optical probes, uye standing wave probe pakati pemamwe. Zvisinei, matekinoroji emazuva ano e optical haagone kuenzaniswa diki zvakakwana kuti aone chimiro chakadzama, chakamanikana, uye optical resolution inogumira pakureba kwechiedza. X-ray imaging inopa mufananidzo wechinhu ichi asi hapana ruzivo rwe metrology runoteverwa.

Nheyo dzemuviri

Maoptical probes uye/kana ma laser probes anogona kushandiswa (kana zvichibvira pamwe chete), izvo zvinoshandura maCMM kuita ma microscope ekuyera kana ma multi-sensor measuring machines. Fringe projection systems, theodolite triangulation systems kana laser distant uye triangulation systems haanzi ma measuring machines, asi measuring results yakafanana: space point. Laser probes dzinoshandiswa kuona daro riri pakati pepamusoro nenzvimbo yekutarisa pamagumo e kinematic chain (kureva: end of the Z-drive component). Izvi zvinogona kushandisa interferometrical function, focus variation, light deflection kana beam shadowing principle.

Michina inotakurika yekuyera marongerwo emagetsi

Kunyange zvazvo maCMM echinyakare achishandisa probe inofamba pamatanda matatu eCartesian kuyera hunhu hwechinhu, maCMM anotakurika anoshandisa maoko akaumbwa kana, kana ari maCMM e optical, masisitimu ekuskena asina maoko anoshandisa nzira dze optical triangulation uye anobvumira rusununguko rwese rwekufamba-famba achitenderedza chinhu chacho.

MaCMM anotakurika ane maoko akasungirirwa ane maaxe matanhatu kana manomwe ane maencoder anotenderera, panzvimbo pemaaxes akatsetseka. Maoko anotakurika akareruka (kazhinji asingasviki mapaundi makumi maviri) uye anogona kutakurwa uye kushandiswa chero kupi. Zvisinei, maCMM e optical ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri. Akagadzirwa nemakamera e compact linear kana matrix array (seMicrosoft Kinect), maCMM e optical madiki pane maCMM anotakurika ane maoko, haana waya, uye anogonesa vashandisi kutora zviri nyore kuyerwa kwe3D kwezvinhu zvese zviri chero kupi.

Mamwe mashandisirwo asingadzokororwe akadai se reverse engineering, rapid prototyping, uye kuongorora zvikamu zvehukuru hwese kwakakodzera maCMM anotakurika. Mabhenefiti eCMM anotakurika akawanda. Vashandisi vane mukana wekutora zviyero zve3D zvemarudzi ese ezvikamu uye munzvimbo dziri kure/dzakaoma. Zviri nyore kushandisa uye hazvidi nzvimbo inodzorwa kuti zviyereswe nemazvo. Uyezve, maCMM anotakurika anowanzo kudhura zvishoma pane maCMM echinyakare.

Kuchinjana kweCMM dzinotakurika kunoitika nemaoko (dzinogara dzichida munhu kuti adzishandise). Pamusoro pezvo, kururama kwadzo kunogona kunge kusina kunyatsojeka pane kweCMM yemhando yebridge uye hakukodzeri mamwe maapplication.

Michina yekuyera masensa akawanda

Tekinoroji yechinyakare yeCMM inoshandisa ma touch probe nhasi inowanzo sanganiswa nedzimwe tekinoroji dzekuyera. Izvi zvinosanganisira laser, video kana ma light sensors kuti zvipe izvo zvinozivikanwa sekuyera multisensor.