Kana mainjiniya wemhando yepamusoro akaraira plate yegranite ine "Giredhi 0" kana "Giredhi 00," vanenge vachitenga zvinopfuura dombo rakati sandara. Vari kutenga dombo rakanyorwa, rakanyoreswa, uye rinogona kuteverwa - iro rine kururama kunotsigira kuyerwa kwese kwakaitwa pairi. Asi mazita aya egiredhi anorevei chaizvo? Kusatambarara padanho repasi pe micron kunoyerwa uye kunosimbiswa sei? Uye nei zviyero zvakaburitswa nekomiti yeDIN yeGermany, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, JIS yeJapan, British Standards Institution, nedzimwe nhengo dzenyika dzakasiyana muzviratidzo zvavo - kunyangwe vese vari kuedza kutsanangura hunhu humwe chete?
Iyi haisi mibvunzo yedzidzo chete. Kune mainjiniya wekutenga zvinhu anosarudza plate yepamusoro yerabhoritari yekuongorora, mugadziri wemidziyo anotsanangura tafura yeCMM datum, kana maneja wemhando yepamusoro ari kuongorora mutengesi, kunzwisisa chinhu chiri shure kwemamaki echitupa kwakakosha. Kuzivikanwa kwegiredhi pasina kunzwisisa zvazvinoreva, kuti zvakayerwa sei, uye kuti zvinoshanda pachiyero chipi hachisi vimbiso yemhando - ichiratidzo.
Zvinoreva "Kusatsetseka" Chaizvo muPrecision Metrology
Kusatsetseka, maererano nemapuratifomu epamusoro akanyatsojeka, kune tsananguro chaiyo yehunyanzvi inosiyana nekushandiswa kwemutauro. Nzvimbo yepamusoro inotsanangurwa seyakati sandara kusvika pane yakatarwa kana nzvimbo dzese dziri pamusoro payo dzikawira mukati menzvimbo mbiri dzakafanana dzakaparadzaniswa nekutsungirira kwakatarwa kusatsetseka.
Tsanangudzo iyi ine zvazvinoreva zvakakosha. Chekutanga, ipfungwa yepasi rose — inoshanda kune yese nzvimbo, kwete chete nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa. Puratifomu yepamusoro yakati sandara pakati payo asi yakakombama zvishoma kumucheto inokundikana kuratidzwa kwenzvimbo yepasi rose, kunyangwe kana nzvimbo yemuno ikaita seyakati sandara kana ikaongororwa nechiratidzo chekuyedza chipfupi. Chechipiri, kukosha kwekushivirira kunoratidza upamhi hwenzvimbo iri pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzinoganhurana, kwete kutsauka kubva pachiyero chezita. Chechitatu, nzira yekuyera inoshandiswa kusimbisa kuti yakatsetseka inofanira kuteverwa pachayo — zvichireva kuti zvishandiso zvekuyera zvinoshandiswa zvine zvitupa zvekugadzirisa zvinobatanidza kururama kwazvo kuburikidza necheni isina kutyoka kune chiyero chekutanga chenyika kana chepasi rose chekuyera.
Padanho rekunyatsojeka rinodiwa pamapuratifomu epamusoro egiredhi 00 (dzimwe nguva anonzi giredhi rerabhoritari), kushivirira kunowira pakati pema micrometer 1–3 pamusoro penzvimbo yekushanda. Kuwana zviyero padanho iri rekunyatsojeka kunoda laser interferometry, electronic autocollimators, kana mazinga emagetsi ekunyatsojeka - magauge edhial akajairwa kana zviratidzo zvekuyedza hazvikwanise kugadzirisa kushivirira uku nenzira yakavimbika.
Mitemo mikuru yepasi rose yeGranite Surface Plates
DIN 876 (Germany)
Sangano reGerman Institute for Standardization (Deutsche Institut für Normung) rakaburitsa DIN 876 senzira inotsanangura mapuratifomu epamusoro anoshandiswa pakuedza nekuyera. Mutemo uyu unotsanangura mamakisi mana ekunyatsorurama:
- Giredhi 3 (Giredhi reMusangano): Giredhi risina kunyatsojeka, rakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mumusangano wenguva dzose apo kunyatsorurama kuri pakati nepakati kwakakwana.
- Giredhi 2 (Giredhi reMusangano): Kunyatsorongeka kwepakati pekuongorora workshop uye basa rekugadzira.
- Giredhi 1 (Giredhi reKuongorora): Kunyatsorongeka kwakakodzera ma laboratori ekudzora hunhu uye ekuongorora.
- Giredhi 0 (Giredhi Rakarurama): Kunyatsorongeka kwakanyanya pakuyera nemazvo uye basa rekugadzirisa.
- Giredhi 00 (Giredhi Rekutsanangura): Giredhi repamusoro-soro, rakachengeterwa marabhoritari ekugadzirisa, makamuri ekuenzanisa, uye mashandisirwo apo plate yepamusoro inoshanda seyero yekutanga yekuyera.
DIN 876 inotsanangura kushivirirana kwakatsetseka zvichienderana nehukuru hweplate, nekushivirirana kuchisimbisa maplate makuru (sezvo kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwakafanana panzvimbo yakakura kuchinyanya kuoma). Inotsanangurawo zvinodiwa pakupedzisa pamusoro, mhando yemucheto, zvinhu (granite inofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa nehuremu hwakatarwa uye kuoma), uye mamiriro ekunze ayo kuyerwa kunofanirwa kuitwa.
DIN 876 inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yese yeEurope uye inogamuchirwa senzira yekutarisa mumisika yakawanda isiri yeEurope zvakare. Vatengesi vazhinji vepasi rose vemidziyo yemhando yepamusoro vanotsanangudza magiredhi eDIN 876 pavanotsanangura zvinodiwa nepuratifomu yepamusoro mumagwaro avo emidziyo.
ASME B89.3.7 (Nyika yeUnited States)
Muyero weAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers B89.3.7 ndiwo mwero mukuru weUS wemagranite surface plates. Unotsanangura mamakisi matatu:
- Rabhoritari yeGiredhi: Kunyatsorongeka, kwakaenzana neDIN Giredhi 00.
- Kuongorora Giredhi: Kururama kwepakati, kwakaenzana neDIN Giredhi 0–1.
- Chikamu Chekushandisa: Kunyatsorongeka kwekushandiswa kwekuongorora pasi pekugadzira.
ASME B89.3.7 yakasiyana neDIN 876 mumatanho akasiyana-siyana. Inoshandisa nzira ye "kudzokorora kuverenga" yekuyera kutsetseka - apo level yemagetsi kana autocollimator inofambiswa pamusoro pechinhu nenzira yakatarwa yemitsara, uye kuverenga kunogadziriswa nemasvomhu kuti vagadzire chimiro chepamusoro. Standard inotsanangura maitiro chaiwo ekufamba uye nzira yekugadzirisa data, zvichiita kuti zviyero zvinoenderana neASME B89 zvidzokororwe pakati pemarabhoritari akasiyana uye masisitimu ekuyera.
ASME B89.3.7 inotaurawo nezvekusava nechokwadi kwekuyera zvakajeka, ichida kuti kusava nechokwadi kwekuyera kwakatwasuka kuratidzwe kuti chikamu chidiki kwazvo chekushivirira kuri kusimbiswa. Chinodiwa ichi chinodzivirira kukanganisa kwakajairika kwekushandisa zvishandiso zvekuyera izvo pachazvo zvisina kunyatsojeka kuti zvisimbise zvinorehwa zviri kuongororwa.
JIS B 7513 (Japan)
Muyero weindasitiri weJapan JIS B 7513 unoteverachimiro chegiredhi(Giredhi 0, Giredhi 1, Giredhi 2, Giredhi 3) ine kushivirira kwakadzikama kwakafanana zvakanyanya neDIN 876 system. Maindasitiri ekuJapan anoisa pfungwa huru pakudzokororwa kwekuyera uye kufanirwa kwevashandi vekuyera, zvichiratidza tsika yekugadzira uko kuenderana kwemaitiro uye hunyanzvi hwevanhu zvese zvinoonekwa sezvinhu zvakakosha zvemhando yepamusoro.
JIS B 7513 inonyanya kutaurwa nevagadziri vemidziyo vekuJapan vanosanganisira THK, HIWIN, NSK, naMitutoyo — makambani ane magwara emutsetse, mabheyaringi akarurama, uye zvishandiso zvekuyera zvakapararira pasi rose. Vagadziri vemidziyo vanoshanda nezvikamu kubva kuvatengesi vekuJapan vanowanzosangana nezvinodiwa zveJIS B 7513 pamusoro peplate mumagwaro ekubatanidza nekuenzanisa.
BS 817 (United Kingdom)
British Standard BS 817 yakaburitswa neBritish Standards Institution uye inotarisira mapuratifomu epamusoro nematafura ekugadzira. Kufanana neDIN 876, inotsanangura mamakisi akasiyana-siyana uye inotsanangura zvese kushivirira kugadzikana uye zvinodiwa nezvinhu. BS 817 inotaurwa mukugadzirwa kwendege nekudzivirira muUK uye munyika dzine hukama hwakasimba nehurongwa hweBritish standards.
GOST 10905 (Russia)
Mutemo wehurumende yeRussia weGOST 10905 unotsanangura mapurati epamusoro egranite nesimbi yakakandwa kuti zviyerwe uye zviongororwe. Ndiyo inonyanya kutaurwa muindasitiri yeRussia uye muzvikamu zveinjiniya zvenyika dzakatora mitemo yeindasitiri yenguva yeSoviet. Kune vatengesi vanoshanda nevatengi vekuRussia kana vekuEastern Europe, chitupa cheGOST chinogona kuva chinodiwa chekutenga zvinhu zviri pamutemo.
GB/T 4167 (China)
Muyero wenyika weChina weGB/T 4167 unotsanangura mapuratifomu epamusoro nematafura kuti zviyerwe. Maumbirwo emagiredhi uye kukosha kwekushivirirana kwakabatana zvakanyanya nezvinodiwa pasi rose, zvichiratidza kubatanidzwa kweChina muzvikamu zvekugadzira zvepasi rose.
Kuyera Kwakaita Kuti Kuve Kwakanaka Kuyerwa Sei: Maitiro Ekuita
Kutsanangura giredhi rekuti flatness grade chimwe chinhu; kuisimbisa kuburikidza nekuyera chaiko chimwe chinhu. Nzira dzakasiyana dzekuyera dzinoshandiswa mukuita, imwe neimwe iine hunyanzvi hwakasiyana uye zvisingakwanisike.
Nzira yeGridhi yeMagetsi Yemazinga eElektroniki
Nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekusimbisa kuti plate yepamusoro yakatsetseka munzvimbo dzekugadzira inoshandisa electron level yakanyatsogadzirwa (yakadai seiyo yakagadzirwa neWYLER yeSwitzerland kana Mahr yeGermany) yakayambuka pamusoro pechinhu ichi nenzira yegrid pattern. Kuverengwa kwechinhu ichi kunotorwa panguva dzakatarwa pamutsetse wakatevedzana wemitsetse inoyambuka pamusoro pechinhu ichi kumativi ese, pamwe chete nepadivi pema diagonal. Dataset inobuda inogadziriswa nemasvomhu - uchishandisa matekiniki akadai se least-squares plane fitting - kuti uone nzvimbo shoma ine nzvimbo dzese dzepamusoro.
Nzira iyi inoshanda, inokurumidza, uye inogona kuitwa nemidziyo inogona kuteverwa nemiyero yenyika kuburikidza neketani yakajeka yekuenzanisa. Malevel emagetsi ane resolution ye 0.1 arcsecond (inoenderana neanenge 0.05 μm/m sensitivity) anogona kugadzirisa kusiyana kwe flatness padanho re sub-micron. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakajairwa yakatsanangurwa mu ASME B89.3.7 uye inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya pasi pemamwe ma standard enyika.
Laser Interferometry
Pakushandisa kwakanyatsojeka — ma plate e rabhoritari uye nzvimbo dzakanyatsojeka dzinoshandiswa mumidziyo ye semiconductor kana optical — laser interferometry inopa chiyero chakanyatsojeka chekusatsetseka. Laser interferometer inoratidza chiedza chakabatana zvikuru pamusoro pechinhu chiri kuyerwa. Kusiyana kwehurefu hwepamusoro kunogadzira musiyano wenzira nehurefu mu danda rinoratidzwa rinoburitsa miganhu yekupindira, iyo inogona kuongororwa kuti igadzire mepu yakadzama yehurefu hwenzvimbo yese.
Ma laser interferometer emazuva ano anoshandiswa mukuongorora kwakarurama — akadai seaya akagadzirwa neRenishaw (UK) — anogona kuwana kusaziva kwekuyera zviri pasi pe 100 nanometers. Kugona uku kwakakosha pakuona kuti nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa sezvinhu zvekutarisa mumidziyo ye semiconductor lithography dzakati sandara, uko kusaziva kwekuyera kunofanira kunge kuri kudiki zvekuti hazvibatsire zvakanyanya mubhajeti rese rekukanganisa kwesystem.
Nzira yeAutocollimator
Autocollimator inoburitsa chiedza pagirazi rinotariswa pamusoro pechinhu chiri kuyerwa, uye inoona makona egirazi (uye nokudaro mutsetse wepamusoro) nekuongorora mwenje unodzoka. Nekupfuura nepakati pegirazi rinotariswa pamusoro nenzira yakarongeka uye kubatanidza kuverenga kwemutsetse, chimiro chekukwirira kwepamusoro chinogona kugadzirwazve. Autocollimators dzine resolution iri pakati pe 0.01 arcseconds dzinopa imwe nzira inoshanda panzvimbo pe interferometry yekuyera kutsetseka pamusoro penzvimbo huru dzepamusoro.
Nzvimbo Yekuyera: Nei Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akadzorwa Achikosha
Chimwe chezvinhu zvisinganyanyi kutariswa pakuyera kutsetseka kweplate pamusoro pemvura ndechekudzora nharaunda kunodiwa kuti uwane mhedzisiro inoshanda. Plate yepamusoro yegranite haisi chinhu chakasimba chisina simba - isystem yekupisa inopindura kupisa kunobva munzvimbo yakapoteredza, kubva pakubata nezvimwe zvinhu, uye kunyangwe kubva pakupisa kwemuviri wemunhu ari kuiyera.
Purati yegranite yemita imwe ine CTE ye7 × 10⁻⁶ /°C ichakura nema micrometer manomwe pakureba kwega kwega kwe1°C tembiricha. Kana chikamu chimwe chete chepurati chichidziya ne0.5°C kupfuura chimwe — semuenzaniso, nekuti mugumo mumwe uri pedyo nemhepo inoburitsa HVAC — kupenya kwekupisa kunokonzerwa nekukanganisa nzvimbo yacho nema micrometer akati wandei, zvichivhara kana kutevedzera zvikanganiso chaizvo zvejometri.
Marabhoritari ekuongorora nekuongorora mafambiro emvura anonyatsoongorora izvi kuburikidza nekudzora nharaunda zvakasimba:
- Tembiricha yakagadzikana kusvika ±0.1°C kana kupfuura padanho re20°C (tembiricha yepasi rose yekuyera mativi zvichienderana neISO 1)
- Hunyoro hunodzorwa kudzivirira kunyudzwa kwehunyoro kana kupwa kubva pamusoro pegranite
- Kuzviparadzanisa nekudzikisira pasi kudzivirira kuti kudedera pasi kusabatana muhurongwa hwekuyera
- Kurambidzwa kwekubatana zvakananga pakati peplate yepamusoro nechero chinhu chisina kuenzana kwekupisa nekamuri
Muyero weASME B89.6.2 unonyanya kutaura nezvemamiriro ekunze kuti unyatsoyera uye unofanirwa kutariswa pamwe chete neB89.3.7 pakugadzira mamiriro emetrology.
Migero inodzivirira kudedera yakakomberedza nzvimbo yekuyeresa — yakazadzwa nezvinhu zvakakodzera zvekudzikisa mvura uye yakagadzirirwa kukanganisa kupararira kwekudengenyeka kunokonzerwa nepasi — inodzivirirawo nzvimbo yekuyeresa. Nzvimbo dzinoyeresa zvakanyanya dzinoratidzawo macrane epamusoro anomhanya akanyarara asingatumire simba remagetsi kuchivako chepasi paanenge achishanda.
Kutevedzana kweCalibration: Cheni Inotsigira Zvese
Chitupa chepuratifomu yepamusoro chinongova nemusoro chete secheni yekuenzanisa iri kumashure kwezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kuiyera. Pfungwa iyi — kutevedzana — inokosha kumetrology yemazuva ano uye yakanyorwa mumitemo yepasi rose yakaita seISO/IEC 17025, iyo inotonga kugona kwekuyedza nekuongorora marabhoritari.
Kutevedza kunoshanda seizvi: electronic level kana laser interferometer inoshandiswa kuyera surface plate inofanira kunge yakaenzaniswa nereference standard yakarurama kupfuura chishandiso. Iyo reference standard inofanira kunge yakaenzaniswa nereference standard yakarurama - nezvimwewo, kuburikidza neketani inogumira pa primary measurement standard inochengetwa ne national metrology institute (NMI), yakadai sePTB muGermany, NIST muUnited States, NPL muUK, kana NIM muChina.
Chinongedzo chimwe nechimwe mucheni iyi chakanyorwa nesitifiketi chekugadzirisa chinotsanangura zvakayerwa, mhedzisiro, kusava nechokwadi kwekuyera, uye chiyero chekutarisa chakashandiswa. Cheni yakakwana yekutevedza inobvumira chero mhedzisiro yekuyera - kusanganisira chitupa chekusatsetseka kweplate yepamusoro - kubatanidzwa, kuburikidza nehumbowo hwakanyorwa, kune zviyero zvepakutanga zvemuviri zvinotsanangura mita nezvimwe zvikamu zveSI.
Kune vanotenga zvikamu zvegranite nemaplate epamusoro, kusimbisa cheni iyi yekutevedza haisi tsika yehurumende - ndiko kusimbisa kwehunyanzvi kuti chiratidzo chegiredhi chiri pagwaro rekupa chitupa chinoenderana nehunhu hwechokwadi, hunoyerwa hwechikamu, hwakasimbiswa nezvishandiso zvine kururama kwacho kwakasimbiswa.
Zvinobatsira Vagadziri veMidziyo neMainjiniya Ekutenga
Kunzwisisa mitemo yekutsetseka kune zvazvinoreva zvakananga kune avo vanosarudza zvikamu zvegranite zvakanyatsonaka:
Enzanisa giredhi nechishandiso. Plate yepamusoro yegiredhi 0 yakakwana zvakanyanya pamabasa mazhinji ekuongorora kugadzirwa. Kutsanangura giredhi 00 pachishandiso chisingade mwero iwoyo wekururama kunowedzera mutengo pasina kuwedzera kugona kwekuyera. Kusiyana neizvi, kutsanangura giredhi 1 yetafura yeCMM datum murabhoritari yekuenzanisa kwakaringana kunogadzira kukanganisa kwekuyera kwakarongeka uko kuchaita kuti basa rese rinoitwa pamuchina iwoyo risashande.
Taura zvakajeka chiyero. "Granite surface plate yeGiredhi 0" itsanangudzo isina kukwana kana chiyero chinoshanda chisina kutaurwa zita. DIN 876 Giredhi 0 uye ASME B89 Grade Inspection dzine kushivirira kwakafanana asi kwete kwakafanana kwekutsamira. Kune cheni dzekutengesa dzepasi rose, gara uchitsanangura kuti ndeipi standard yenyika kana yepasi rose inodzora chimiro chegiredhi.
Zvinoda magwaro akazara ekuyera. Chitupa chinofanira kuratidza nzira yekuyera yakashandiswa, mamiriro ekunze panguva yekuyera, chishandiso chakashandiswa uye nhamba yechitupa chacho chekuyera, uye kukosha kwekusatsetseka kwakaverengerwa kusina chokwadi chekuyera. Chitupa chinongotaura kuti "chinosangana neGiredhi 0" pasina ruzivo urwu rwunotsigira hachiratidzi kuteverwa.
Funga nezvenguva yekuyera. Mapureti epamusoro egranite haana kugadzikana zvachose - anogona kupera munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, uye kusatsetseka kwawo kunofanira kuongororwazve nguva nenguva. ASME B89.3.7 inopa gwara renguva dzekuyerwa patsva zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwakawanda uye kukosha kwekuyera kwakaitwa.
Mhedziso: Mitemo seNheyo yeTrust
Mipimo yekutsetseka kwemapureti epamusoro egranite akarurama pakupedzisira inzira yekuvimbana - mutauro wehunyanzvi unobvumira mutengi muSingapore nemugadziri muGermany (kana China) kubvumirana pane zvinorehwa nechirevo, kuti chakasimbiswa sei, uye kuti kusaziva kwekuyera kupi kwacho. Kunzwisisa mutauro uyu - mamakisi, zviyero, nzira dzekuyera, uye cheni yekutevedza - ndizvo zvinoshandura sarudzo yekutenga kubva pakusvetuka kwekutenda kuenda kuhungwaru hweinjiniya hunotsigirwa nehumbowo hwakanyorwa.
Pamashandisirwo anoitwa zvinhu apo kuyera kwakarurama kunosarudza mhando yechigadzirwa, hwaro uhwu hausi wekusarudza. Ndiwo mugariro usingaonekwe unobva pakugadzirwa kwakarurama.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikumi-26-2026